Chapter 6 The Growth of Sufism| Class 12 History Notes
Last Updated :
02 May, 2024
Sufism is a mystical and ascetic form of Islam. It has played a big role in shaping the spiritual landscape of the Islamic world. In this article, you will get detailed notes on The Growth of Sufism from Chapter 6 of your Class 12 History textbook.
Chapter 6 The Growth of Sufism| Class 12 History Notes
Khanqahs and Silsilas
By the eleventh century, Sufism had developed into a structured movement with a body of literature focusing on Quranic studies and Sufi practices. Institutionally, Sufis began organizing communities around hospices or khanqahs, overseen by a teaching master known as a shaikh (in Arabic), pir, or murshid (in Persian). The shaikh enrolled disciples, called murids, and appointed a successor, known as a khalifa. He established guidelines for spiritual conduct and interactions among inmates as well as between laypersons and the master.
Sufi silsilas, or spiritual lineages, began to take shape in various parts of the Islamic world around the twelfth century. The term silsila, meaning “chain,” symbolized the continuous connection between master and disciple, tracing back as an unbroken spiritual genealogy to the Prophet Muhammad. Through this lineage, spiritual power and blessings were believed to be transmitted to devotees. Special initiation rituals were developed, involving pledges of allegiance, wearing of a distinctive garment, and shaving of the hair.
Upon the death of the shaikh, his tomb-shrine, known as a dargah, became the focal point of devotion for his followers. This led to the practice of pilgrimage, or ziyarat, to his grave, particularly on his death anniversary or urs (or “marriage”), symbolizing the union of his soul with God. People believed that saints, in death, were united with God and therefore closer to Him than in life. They sought the blessings of the saint to attain both material and spiritual benefits. Thus, the cult of the shaikh evolved, revered as a wali, or friend of God.
Outside the Khanqah
Some mystics within the Sufi tradition initiated movements that embraced a radical interpretation of Sufi ideals, diverging from the mainstream practices of the khanqahs and traditional Sufi orders. These individuals often rejected the structured environment of the khanqah and instead adopted a life of mendicancy, wandering from place to place as beggars. They embraced celibacy and renounced worldly attachments, living a life of extreme asceticism.
These mystics were known by various names, including Qalandars, Madaris, Malangs, and Haidaris, among others. Each of these groups had its own unique practices and customs, but they shared a common rejection of conventional Sufi rituals and practices. Instead of adhering to the rituals and disciplines prescribed by mainstream Sufism, they pursued a more unorthodox path, often characterized by unconventional behavior and spiritual practices.
One notable aspect of these radical mystics was their deliberate defiance of the shari‘a, or Islamic law. They were seen as rejecting the norms and regulations of mainstream Islamic practice, choosing instead to follow their own interpretation of spiritual truth. Because of their disregard for Islamic legal norms, they were often labeled as be-shari‘a, meaning “outside of the shari‘a.” This contrasted with the ba-shari‘a sufis, who adhered to the principles of Islamic law and sought to integrate Sufism within the framework of orthodox Islam.
Despite their unconventional approach, these radical mystics attracted a following among those who were disillusioned with the formalities of mainstream Sufism or who sought a more direct and intense spiritual experience. While their practices were often controversial and even criticized by mainstream religious authorities, they played a significant role in challenging the boundaries of traditional Sufism and expanding the spectrum of mystical expression within the Islamic tradition.
Conclusion
In summary, the growth of Sufism saw the establishment of organized communities, the proliferation of mystical practices, and the exploration of religious symbolism, all contributing to the rich tapestry of Islamic spirituality.
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FAQs on The Growth of Sufism
What is Sufism and why is it significant?
Sufism is a mystical form of Islam that emphasizes spiritual experiences and ascetic practices. It’s significant for its influence on Islamic spirituality and culture.
How did Sufis challenge the prevailing materialism of the Caliphate?
Sufis embraced austerity and deep devotion to God to counter the growing materialism of the Caliphate.
What are Khanqahs and Silsilas in Sufism?
Khanqahs are hospices where Sufi communities gather under the guidance of a spiritual leader. Silsilas refer to chains of discipleship established by Sufi masters.
Who leads Sufi communities and what are their roles?
Sufi communities are led by spiritual guides known as shaikhs or pirs. They appoint followers (murids) and designate successors (khalifas), establishing rules for spiritual conduct.
How did some Sufis practice outside of traditional Khanqahs?
Some Sufis rejected institutionalized Sufism, opting for a life of extreme austerity and renunciation of societal norms.
What role do symbols play in Sufism?
Symbols like the Cross, Swastika, and Crescent Moon hold deep significance in conveying religious meanings and fostering a sense of community among believers.
What is the overall impact of Sufism on Islamic spirituality?
Sufism has significantly influenced Islamic spirituality, fostering devotion, asceticism, and a rich tapestry of religious symbolism that continues to resonate among believers
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