Can We “See” Everything?| Class 12 History Notes

Introduction to the challenges in Understanding Ancient Visual Traditions:  Despite the preservation of architectural marvels, sculptures, and paintings from ancient times, much has been lost over the centuries, leaving gaps in our understanding of past visual cultures. The remaining artefacts offer glimpses into the creative visions of the artists, sculptors, masons, and architects who crafted these works, but comprehending their intended meanings poses a significant challenge.

Grappling with the Unfamiliar

• European scholars in the 19th century saw Indian sculptures of gods and goddesses for the first time.
• These sculptures often depicted figures with multiple arms, heads, or combinations of human and animal forms, which puzzled the scholars.
• The scholars tried to understand the Indian sculptures by comparing them to the familiar sculptures of ancient Greece.
• Initially, they found Indian sculpture to be inferior to Greek art, but they were intrigued when they found Buddha and Bodhisattva images resembling Greek models.
• The scholars discovered sculptures of Buddha and Bodhisattvas in northwest cities like Taxila and Peshawar, where Indo-Greek rulers had established kingdoms in the 2nd century BCE.
• These sculptures, resembling Greek statues, excited the scholars because they were the closest examples of Indian art that resembled Greek art.
• The scholars used a strategy familiar to everyone: they used familiar standards derived from Greek art to make sense of the unfamiliar Indian sculptures.
• By comparing Indian sculptures to Greek ones, they attempted to understand and evaluate the artistic quality of Indian art.

If text and image do not match…

• Art historians often rely on textual traditions to decipher the meanings of sculptures, but this approach presents challenges.
• There’s a famous sculpture along a huge rock surface in Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu, that depicts a story.
• Art historians are divided in their opinions about which story the sculpture represents.
• Some believe the sculpture depicts the descent of the Ganga from heaven.
• They point to the natural cleft through the center of the rock surface as representing the river.
• The story of Ganga’s descent is narrated in the Puranas and epics.

• Others think the sculpture represents a story from the Mahabharata.
• Specifically, they suggest it depicts Arjuna performing penance on the river bank to acquire arms.
• They highlight the central figure of an ascetic as evidence for this interpretation.

Unrecorded rituals and beliefs:

• Many rituals, religious beliefs, and practices were not immortalized in physical forms like monuments or sculptures, posing difficulties in understanding the full scope of ancient religious traditions.
• Countless communities may have had vibrant religious practices and philosophical ideas that were not documented, emphasizing that the monumental artefacts studied are just a fraction of ancient religious and artistic expressions.

Conclusion

We have seen that much has been destroyed and lost over the centuries. Nevertheless, what remains and has been preserved conveys a sense of the vision of the artists, sculptors, masons, and architects who created these spectacular works. Yet do we always automatically understand what they wanted to convey? Many rituals, religious beliefs, and practices were not recorded in a permanent, visible form—as monuments, sculpture, or even paintings. These included daily practices as well as those associated with special occasions. Many communities and peoples may not have felt the need to keep lasting records, even though they may have had vibrant traditions of religious activities and philosophical ideas.

Can We “See” Everything? – FAQs

Why is it difficult to understand full scope of ancient religious traditions?

Many rituals, religious beliefs, and practices were not immortalized in physical forms like monuments or sculptures, posing difficulties in understanding the full scope of ancient religious traditions.

 What debate has the famous structure Mahabalipuram depicted?

The famous sculpture in Mahabalipuram, depicting a vivid scene, has sparked debate among scholars regarding its narrative, with interpretations ranging from the descent of the river Ganga from heaven to a story from the Mahabharata involving Arjuna.

 Where did the scholars discover the images of Buddha and bodhisattavas?

Excitement arose among scholars when they discovered images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas in the northwest regions of ancient India, such as Taxila and Peshawar, which bore resemblances to Greek statues.