In C++ there are number of stream classes for defining various streams related with files and for doing input-output operations. All these classes are defined in the file iostream.h. Figure given below shows the hierarchy of these classes.
- ios class is topmost class in the stream classes hierarchy. It is the base class for istream, ostream, and streambuf class.
- istream and ostream serves the base classes for iostream class. The class istream is used for input and ostream for the output.
- Class ios is indirectly inherited to iostream class using istream and ostream. To avoid the duplicity of data and member functions of ios class, it is declared as virtual base class when inheriting in istream and ostream as
class istream: virtual public ios
{
};
class ostream: virtual public ios
{
};
The _withassign classes are provided with extra functionality for the assignment operations that’s why _withassign classes.
Facilities provided by these stream classes.
- The ios class: The ios class is responsible for providing all input and output facilities to all other stream classes.
- The istream class: This class is responsible for handling input stream. It provides number of function for handling chars, strings and objects such as get, getline, read, ignore, putback etc..
Example:
CPP14
#include <iostream>using namespace std;int main(){ char x; // used to scan a single char cin.get(x); cout << x;} |
Input:
g
Output:
g
The ostream class: This class is responsible for handling output stream. It provides number of function for handling chars, strings and objects such as write, put etc..
Example:
CPP14
#include <iostream>using namespace std;int main(){ char x; // used to scan a single char cin.get(x); // used to put a single char onto the screen. cout.put(x);} |
- Input:
g
Output:
g
The iostream: This class is responsible for handling both input and output stream as both istream class and ostream class is inherited into it. It provides function of both istream class and ostream class for handling chars, strings and objects such as get, getline, read, ignore, putback, put, write etc..
Example:
CPP14
#include <iostream>using namespace std;int main(){ // this function display // ncount character from array cout.write("geeksforgeeks", 5);} |
Output:
geeks
istream_withassign class: This class is variant of istream that allows object assigment. The predefined object cin is an object of this class and thus may be reassigned at run time to a different istream object.
Example:To show that cin is object of istream class.
CPP14
#include <iostream>using namespace std;class demo {public: int dx, dy; // operator overloading using friend function friend void operator>>(demo& d, istream& mycin) { // cin assigned to another object mycin mycin >> d.dx >> d.dy; }};int main(){ demo d; cout << "Enter two numbers dx and dy\n"; // calls operator >> function and // pass d and cin as reference d >> cin; // can also be written as operator >> (d, cin) ; cout << "dx = " << d.dx << "\tdy = " << d.dy;} |
Input:
4 5
Output:
Enter two numbers dx and dy 4 5 dx = 4 dy = 5
ostream_withassign class: This class is variant of ostream that allows object assigment. The predefined objects cout, cerr, clog are objects of this class and thus may be reassigned at run time to a different ostream object.
Example:To show that cout is object of ostream class.
CPP14
#include <iostream>using namespace std;class demo {public: int dx, dy; demo() { dx = 4; dy = 5; } // operator overloading using friend function friend void operator<<(demo& d, ostream& mycout) { // cout assigned to another object mycout mycout << "Value of dx and dy are \n"; mycout << d.dx << " " << d.dy; }};int main(){ demo d; // default constructor is called // calls operator << function and // pass d and cout as reference d << cout; // can also be written as operator << (d, cout) ;} |
Output:
Value of dx and dy are 4 5
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