1901 |
chemistry |
Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff |
Netherlands |
laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure |
literature |
Sully Prudhomme |
France |
|
peace |
Henri Dunant |
Switzerland |
|
Frédéric Passy |
France |
|
physics |
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen |
Germany |
discovery of X-rays |
physiology/medicine |
Emil von Behring |
Germany |
work on serum therapy |
1902 |
chemistry |
Emil Fischer |
Germany |
work on sugar and purine syntheses |
literature |
Theodor Mommsen |
Germany |
|
peace |
Élie Ducommun |
Switzerland |
|
Charles-Albert Gobat |
Switzerland |
|
physics |
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz |
Netherlands |
investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation |
Pieter Zeeman |
Netherlands |
investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation |
physiology/medicine |
Sir Ronald Ross |
U.K. |
discovery of how malaria enters an organism |
1903 |
chemistry |
Svante Arrhenius |
Sweden |
theory of electrolytic dissociation |
literature |
Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson |
Norway |
|
peace |
Sir Randal Cremer |
U.K. |
|
physics |
Henri Becquerel |
France |
discovery of spontaneous radioactivity |
Marie Curie |
France |
investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel |
Pierre Curie |
France |
investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel |
physiology/medicine |
Niels Ryberg Finsen |
Denmark |
treatment of skin diseases with light |
1904 |
chemistry |
Sir William Ramsay |
U.K. |
discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system |
literature |
José Echegaray y Eizaguirre |
Spain |
|
Frédéric Mistral |
France |
|
peace |
Institute of International Law |
(founded 1873) |
|
physics |
Lord Rayleigh |
U.K. |
discovery of argon |
physiology/medicine |
Ivan Pavlov |
Russia |
work on the physiology of digestion |
1905 |
chemistry |
Adolf von Baeyer |
Germany |
work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds |
literature |
Henryk Sienkiewicz |
Poland |
|
peace |
Bertha, baroness von Suttner |
Austria-Hungary |
|
physics |
Philipp Lenard |
Germany |
research on cathode rays |
physiology/medicine |
Robert Koch |
Germany |
tuberculosis research |
1906 |
chemistry |
Henri Moissan |
France |
isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan furnace |
literature |
Giosuè Carducci |
Italy |
|
peace |
Theodore Roosevelt |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Sir J.J. Thomson |
U.K. |
researches into electrical conductivity of gases |
physiology/medicine |
Camillo Golgi |
Italy |
work on the structure of the nervous system |
Santiago Ramón y Cajal |
Spain |
work on the structure of the nervous system |
1907 |
chemistry |
Eduard Buchner |
Germany |
discovery of noncellular fermentation |
literature |
Rudyard Kipling |
U.K. |
|
peace |
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta |
Italy |
|
Louis Renault |
France |
|
physics |
A.A. Michelson |
U.S. |
spectroscopic and metrological investigations |
physiology/medicine |
Alphonse Laveran |
France |
discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases |
1908 |
chemistry |
Ernest Rutherford |
U.K. |
investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances |
literature |
Rudolf Christoph Eucken |
Germany |
|
peace |
Klas Pontus Arnoldson |
Sweden |
|
Fredrik Bajer |
Denmark |
|
physics |
Gabriel Lippmann |
France |
photographic reproduction of colours |
physiology/medicine |
Paul Ehrlich |
Germany |
work on immunity |
Élie Metchnikoff |
Russia |
work on immunity |
1909 |
chemistry |
Wilhelm Ostwald |
Germany |
pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocities |
literature |
Selma Lagerlöf |
Sweden |
|
peace |
Auguste-Marie-François Beernaert |
Belgium |
|
Paul-H.-B. d’Estournelles de Constant |
France |
|
physics |
Ferdinand Braun |
Germany |
development of wireless telegraphy |
Guglielmo Marconi |
Italy |
development of wireless telegraphy |
physiology/medicine |
Emil Theodor Kocher |
Switzerland |
physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland |
1910 |
chemistry |
Otto Wallach |
Germany |
pioneer work in alicyclic combinations |
literature |
Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse |
Germany |
|
peace |
International Peace Bureau |
(founded 1891) |
|
physics |
Johannes Diederik van der Waals |
Netherlands |
research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids |
physiology/medicine |
Albrecht Kossel |
Germany |
researches in cellular chemistry |
1911 |
chemistry |
Marie Curie |
France |
discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium |
literature |
Maurice Maeterlinck |
Belgium |
|
peace |
Tobias Michael Carel Asser |
Netherlands |
|
Alfred Hermann Fried |
Austria-Hungary |
|
physics |
Wilhelm Wien |
Germany |
discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation |
physiology/medicine |
Allvar Gullstrand |
Sweden |
work on dioptrics of the eye |
1912 |
chemistry |
Victor Grignard |
France |
discovery of the Grignard reagents |
Paul Sabatier |
France |
method of hydrogenating organic compounds |
literature |
Gerhart Hauptmann |
Germany |
|
peace |
Elihu Root |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Nils Dalén |
Sweden |
invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys |
physiology/medicine |
Alexis Carrel |
France |
work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs |
1913 |
chemistry |
Alfred Werner |
Switzerland |
work on the linkage of atoms in molecules |
literature |
Rabindranath Tagore |
India |
|
peace |
Henri-Marie Lafontaine |
Belgium |
|
physics |
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes |
Netherlands |
investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium |
physiology/medicine |
Charles Richet |
France |
work on anaphylaxis |
1914 |
chemistry |
Theodore William Richards |
U.S. |
accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements |
physics |
Max von Laue |
Germany |
discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals |
physiology/medicine |
Robert Bárány |
Austria-Hungary |
work on vestibular apparatus |
1915 |
chemistry |
Richard Willstätter |
Germany |
pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll |
literature |
Romain Rolland |
France |
|
physics |
Sir Lawrence Bragg |
U.K. |
analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays |
Sir William Bragg |
U.K. |
analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays |
1916 |
literature |
Verner von Heidenstam |
Sweden |
1917 |
literature |
Karl Adolph Gjellerup |
Denmark |
|
Henrik Pontoppidan |
Denmark |
|
peace |
International Committee of the Red Cross |
(founded 1863) |
|
physics |
Charles Glover Barkla |
U.K. |
discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements |
1918 |
chemistry |
Fritz Haber |
Germany |
synthesis of ammonia |
literature |
Erik Axel Karlfeldt (declined) |
Sweden |
|
physics |
Max Planck |
Germany |
discovery of the elemental quanta |
1919 |
literature |
Carl Spitteler |
Switzerland |
|
peace |
Woodrow Wilson |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Johannes Stark |
Germany |
discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field |
physiology/medicine |
Jules Bordet |
Belgium |
work on immunity factors in blood serum |
1920 |
chemistry |
Walther Hermann Nernst |
Germany |
work in thermochemistry |
literature |
Knut Hamsun |
Norway |
|
peace |
Léon Bourgeois |
France |
|
physics |
Charles Édouard Guillaume |
Switzerland |
discovery of anomalies in alloys |
physiology/medicine |
August Krogh |
Denmark |
discovery of capillary motor-regulating mechanism |
1921 |
chemistry |
Frederick Soddy |
U.K. |
chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes |
literature |
Anatole France |
France |
|
peace |
Karl Hjalmar Branting |
Sweden |
|
Christian Lous Lange |
Norway |
|
physics |
Albert Einstein |
Switzerland |
work in theoretical physics |
1922 |
chemistry |
Francis William Aston |
U.K. |
work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule |
literature |
Jacinto Benavente y Martínez |
Spain |
|
peace |
Fridtjof Nansen |
Norway |
|
physics |
Niels Bohr |
Denmark |
investigation of atomic structure and radiation |
physiology/medicine |
A.V. Hill |
U.K. |
discoveries concerning heat production in muscles |
Otto Meyerhof |
Germany |
work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles |
1923 |
chemistry |
Fritz Pregl |
Austria |
method of microanalysis of organic substances |
literature |
William Butler Yeats |
Ireland |
|
physics |
Robert Andrews Millikan |
U.S. |
work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect |
physiology/medicine |
Sir Frederick Grant Banting |
Canada |
discovery of insulin |
J.J.R. Macleod |
U.K. |
discovery of insulin |
1924 |
literature |
Władysław Stanisław Reymont |
Poland |
|
physics |
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn |
Sweden |
work in X-ray spectroscopy |
physiology/medicine |
Willem Einthoven |
Netherlands |
discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism |
1925 |
chemistry |
Richard Zsigmondy |
Austria |
elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions |
literature |
George Bernard Shaw |
Ireland |
|
peace |
Sir Austen Chamberlain |
U.K. |
|
Charles G. Dawes |
U.S. |
|
physics |
James Franck |
Germany |
discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom |
Gustav Hertz |
Germany |
discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom |
1926 |
chemistry |
Theodor H.E. Svedberg |
Sweden |
work on disperse systems |
literature |
Grazia Deledda |
Italy |
|
peace |
Aristide Briand |
France |
|
Gustav Stresemann |
Germany |
|
physics |
Jean Perrin |
France |
work on discontinuous structure of matter |
physiology/medicine |
Johannes Fibiger |
Denmark |
contributions to cancer research |
1927 |
chemistry |
Heinrich Otto Wieland |
Germany |
researches into the constitution of bile acids |
literature |
Henri Bergson |
France |
|
peace |
Ferdinand-Édouard Buisson |
France |
|
Ludwig Quidde |
Germany |
|
physics |
Arthur Holly Compton |
U.S. |
discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays |
C.T.R. Wilson |
U.K. |
method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles |
physiology/medicine |
Julius Wagner-Jauregg |
Austria |
work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica |
1928 |
chemistry |
Adolf Windaus |
Germany |
constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins |
literature |
Sigrid Undset |
Norway |
|
physics |
Sir Owen Willans Richardson |
U.K. |
work on electron emission by hot metals |
physiology/medicine |
Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle |
France |
work on typhus |
1929 |
chemistry |
Hans von Euler-Chelpin |
Sweden |
investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved |
Sir Arthur Harden |
U.K. |
investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved |
literature |
Thomas Mann |
Germany |
|
peace |
Frank B. Kellogg |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Louis de Broglie |
France |
discovery of the wave nature of electrons |
physiology/medicine |
Christiaan Eijkman |
Netherlands |
discovery of the antineuritic vitamin |
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins |
U.K. |
discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins |
1930 |
chemistry |
Hans Fischer |
Germany |
hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin |
literature |
Sinclair Lewis |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Nathan Söderblom |
Sweden |
|
physics |
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman |
India |
work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect |
physiology/medicine |
Karl Landsteiner |
U.S. |
grouping of human blood types |
1931 |
chemistry |
Friedrich Bergius |
Germany |
invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods |
Carl Bosch |
Germany |
invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods |
literature |
Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumous award) |
Sweden |
|
peace |
Jane Addams |
U.S. |
|
Nicholas Murray Butler |
U.S. |
|
physiology/medicine |
Otto Warburg |
Germany |
discovery of nature and action of respiratory enzyme |
1932 |
chemistry |
Irving Langmuir |
U.S. |
discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry |
literature |
John Galsworthy |
U.K. |
|
physics |
Werner Heisenberg |
Germany |
creation of quantum mechanics |
physiology/medicine |
Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian |
U.K. |
discoveries regarding function of neurons |
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington |
U.K. |
discoveries regarding function of neurons |
1933 |
literature |
Ivan Bunin |
U.S.S.R. |
|
peace |
Sir Norman Angell |
U.K. |
|
physics |
P.A.M. Dirac |
U.K. |
introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics |
Erwin Schrödinger |
Austria |
introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics |
physiology/medicine |
Thomas Hunt Morgan |
U.S. |
heredity transmission functions of chromosomes |
1934 |
chemistry |
Harold C. Urey |
U.S. |
discovery of heavy hydrogen |
literature |
Luigi Pirandello |
Italy |
|
peace |
Arthur Henderson |
U.K. |
|
physiology/medicine |
George Richards Minot |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia |
William P. Murphy |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia |
George H. Whipple |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia |
1935 |
chemistry |
Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie |
France |
synthesis of new radioactive elements |
peace |
Carl von Ossietzky |
Germany |
|
physics |
Sir James Chadwick |
U.K. |
discovery of the neutron |
physiology/medicine |
Hans Spemann |
Germany |
organizer effect in embryo |
1936 |
chemistry |
Peter Debye |
Netherlands |
work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases |
literature |
Eugene O’Neill |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Carlos Saavedra Lamas |
Argentina |
|
physics |
Carl David Anderson |
U.S. |
discovery of the positron |
Victor Francis Hess |
Austria |
discovery of cosmic radiation |
physiology/medicine |
Sir Henry Dale |
U.K. |
work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses |
Otto Loewi |
Germany |
work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses |
1937 |
chemistry |
Sir Norman Haworth |
U.K. |
research on carbohydrates and vitamin C |
Paul Karrer |
Switzerland |
research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins |
literature |
Roger Martin du Gard |
France |
|
peace |
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil |
U.K. |
|
physics |
Clinton Joseph Davisson |
U.S. |
experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons |
Sir George Paget Thomson |
U.K. |
experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons |
physiology/medicine |
Albert Szent-Györgyi |
Hungary |
work on biological combustion |
1938 |
chemistry |
Richard Kuhn (declined) |
Germany |
carotenoid and vitamin research |
literature |
Pearl Buck |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Nansen International Office for Refugees |
(founded 1931) |
|
physics |
Enrico Fermi |
Italy |
disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation |
physiology/medicine |
Corneille Heymans |
Belgium |
discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation |
1939 |
chemistry |
Adolf Butenandt (declined) |
Germany |
work on sexual hormones |
Leopold Ruzicka |
Switzerland |
work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes |
literature |
Frans Eemil Sillanpää |
Finland |
|
physics |
Ernest Orlando Lawrence |
U.S. |
invention of the cyclotron |
physiology/medicine |
Gerhard Domagk (declined) |
Germany |
antibacterial effect of Prontosil |
1943 |
chemistry |
Georg Charles von Hevesy |
Hungary |
use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research |
physics |
Otto Stern |
U.S. |
discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton |
physiology/medicine |
Henrik Dam |
Denmark |
discovery of vitamin K |
Edward Adelbert Doisy |
U.S. |
discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K |
1944 |
chemistry |
Otto Hahn |
Germany |
discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei |
literature |
Johannes V. Jensen |
Denmark |
|
peace |
International Committee of the Red Cross |
(founded 1863) |
|
physics |
Isidor Isaac Rabi |
U.S. |
resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei |
physiology/medicine |
Joseph Erlanger |
U.S. |
researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres |
Herbert Spencer Gasser |
U.S. |
researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres |
1945 |
chemistry |
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen |
Finland |
invention of fodder preservation method |
literature |
Gabriela Mistral |
Chile |
|
peace |
Cordell Hull |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Wolfgang Pauli |
Austria |
discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons |
physiology/medicine |
Sir Ernst Boris Chain |
U.K. |
discovery of penicillin and its curative value |
Sir Alexander Fleming |
U.K. |
discovery of penicillin and its curative value |
Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey |
Australia |
discovery of penicillin and its curative value |
1946 |
chemistry |
John Howard Northrop |
U.S. |
preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form |
Wendell Meredith Stanley |
U.S. |
preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form |
James Batcheller Sumner |
U.S. |
discovery of enzyme crystallization |
literature |
Hermann Hesse |
Switzerland |
|
peace |
Emily Greene Balch |
U.S. |
|
John R. Mott |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Percy Williams Bridgman |
U.S. |
discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics |
physiology/medicine |
Hermann Joseph Muller |
U.S. |
production of mutations by X-ray irradiation |
1947 |
chemistry |
Sir Robert Robinson |
U.K. |
investigation of alkaloids and other plant products |
literature |
André Gide |
France |
|
peace |
American Friends Service Committee |
U.S. |
|
Friends Service Council (FSC) |
U.K. |
|
physics |
Sir Edward Victor Appleton |
U.K. |
discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere |
physiology/medicine |
Carl and Gerty Cori |
U.S. |
discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted |
Bernardo Alberto Houssay |
Argentina |
pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism |
1948 |
chemistry |
Arne Tiselius |
Sweden |
researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins |
literature |
T.S. Eliot |
U.K. |
|
physics |
Patrick M.S. Blackett |
U.K. |
discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation |
physiology/medicine |
Paul Hermann Müller |
Switzerland |
properties of DDT |
1949 |
chemistry |
William Francis Giauque |
U.S. |
behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures |
literature |
William Faulkner |
U.S. |
|
peace |
John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns |
U.K. |
|
physics |
Yukawa Hideki |
Japan |
prediction of the existence of mesons |
physiology/medicine |
António Egas Moniz |
Portugal |
therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses |
Walter Rudolf Hess |
Switzerland |
discovery of function of interbrain |
1950 |
chemistry |
Kurt Alder |
West Germany |
discovery and development of diene synthesis |
Otto Paul Hermann Diels |
West Germany |
discovery and development of diene synthesis |
literature |
Bertrand Russell |
U.K. |
|
peace |
Ralph Bunche |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Cecil Frank Powell |
U.K. |
photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons |
physiology/medicine |
Philip Showalter Hench |
U.S. |
research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects |
Edward Calvin Kendall |
U.S. |
research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects |
Tadeus Reichstein |
Switzerland |
research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects |
1951 |
chemistry |
Edwin Mattison McMillan |
U.S. |
discovery of and research on transuranium elements |
Glenn T. Seaborg |
U.S. |
discovery of and research on transuranium elements |
literature |
Pär Lagerkvist |
Sweden |
|
peace |
Léon Jouhaux |
France |
|
physics |
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft |
U.K. |
work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles |
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton |
Ireland |
work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles |
physiology/medicine |
Max Theiler |
South Africa |
yellow fever discoveries |
1952 |
chemistry |
A.J.P. Martin |
U.K. |
development of partition chromatography |
R.L.M. Synge |
U.K. |
development of partition chromatography |
literature |
François Mauriac |
France |
|
peace |
Albert Schweitzer |
Alsace |
|
physics |
Felix Bloch |
U.S. |
discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids |
E.M. Purcell |
U.S. |
discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids |
physiology/medicine |
Selman Abraham Waksman |
U.S. |
discovery of streptomycin |
1953 |
chemistry |
Hermann Staudinger |
West Germany |
work on macromolecules |
literature |
Sir Winston Churchill |
U.K. |
|
peace |
George C. Marshall |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Frits Zernike |
Netherlands |
method of phase-contrast microscopy |
physiology/medicine |
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs |
U.K. |
discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates |
Fritz Albert Lipmann |
U.S. |
discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates |
1954 |
chemistry |
Linus Pauling |
U.S. |
study of the nature of the chemical bond |
literature |
Ernest Hemingway |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |
(founded 1951) |
|
physics |
Max Born |
U.K. |
statistical studies of atomic wave functions |
Walther Bothe |
West Germany |
invention of coincidence method |
physiology/medicine |
John Franklin Enders |
U.S. |
cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures |
Frederick Chapman Robbins |
U.S. |
cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures |
Thomas H. Weller |
U.S. |
cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures |
1955 |
chemistry |
Vincent du Vigneaud |
U.S. |
first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone |
literature |
Halldór Laxness |
Iceland |
|
physics |
Polykarp Kusch |
U.S. |
measurement of magnetic moment of electron |
Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr. |
U.S. |
discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum |
physiology/medicine |
Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell |
Sweden |
nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes |
1956 |
chemistry |
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood |
U.K. |
work on the kinetics of chemical reactions |
Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov |
U.S.S.R. |
work on the kinetics of chemical reactions |
literature |
Juan Ramón Jiménez |
Spain |
|
physics |
John Bardeen |
U.S. |
investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor |
Walter H. Brattain |
U.S. |
investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor |
William B. Shockley |
U.S. |
investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor |
physiology/medicine |
André F. Cournand |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes |
Werner Forssmann |
West Germany |
discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes |
Dickinson Woodruff Richards |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes |
1957 |
chemistry |
Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd |
U.K. |
work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes |
literature |
Albert Camus |
France |
|
peace |
Lester B. Pearson |
Canada |
|
physics |
Tsung-Dao Lee |
China |
discovery of violations of the principle of parity |
Chen Ning Yang |
China |
discovery of violations of the principle of parity |
physiology/medicine |
Daniel Bovet |
Italy |
production of synthetic curare |
1958 |
chemistry |
Frederick Sanger |
U.K. |
determination of the structure of the insulin molecule |
literature |
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (declined) |
U.S.S.R. |
|
peace |
Dominique Pire |
Belgium |
|
physics |
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov |
U.S.S.R. |
discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect |
Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank |
U.S.S.R. |
discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect |
Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm |
U.S.S.R. |
discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect |
physiology/medicine |
George Wells Beadle |
U.S. |
genetic regulation of chemical processes |
Joshua Lederberg |
U.S. |
genetic recombination |
Edward L. Tatum |
U.S. |
genetic regulation of chemical processes |
1959 |
chemistry |
Jaroslav Heyrovský |
Czechoslovakia |
discovery and development of polarography |
literature |
Salvatore Quasimodo |
Italy |
|
peace |
Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker |
U.K. |
|
physics |
Owen Chamberlain |
U.S. |
confirmation of the existence of the antiproton |
Emilio Segrè |
U.S. |
confirmation of the existence of the antiproton |
physiology/medicine |
Arthur Kornberg |
U.S. |
work on producing nucleic acids artificially |
Severo Ochoa |
U.S. |
work on producing nucleic acids artificially |
1960 |
chemistry |
Willard Frank Libby |
U.S. |
development of radiocarbon dating |
literature |
Saint-John Perse |
France |
|
peace |
Albert John Luthuli |
South Africa |
|
physics |
Donald A. Glaser |
U.S. |
development of the bubble chamber |
physiology/medicine |
Sir Macfarlane Burnet |
Australia |
acquired immunity to tissue transplants |
Sir Peter B. Medawar |
U.K. |
acquired immunity to tissue transplants |
1961 |
chemistry |
Melvin Calvin |
U.S. |
study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis |
literature |
Ivo Andric |
Yugoslavia |
|
peace |
Dag Hammarskjöld |
Sweden |
|
physics |
Robert Hofstadter |
U.S. |
determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons |
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer |
West Germany |
discovery of the Mössbauer effect |
physiology/medicine |
Georg von Békésy |
U.S. |
functions of the inner ear |
1962 |
chemistry |
Sir John Cowdery Kendrew |
U.K. |
determination of the structure of hemoproteins |
Max Ferdinand Perutz |
U.K. |
determination of the structure of hemoproteins |
literature |
John Steinbeck |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Linus Pauling |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Lev Davidovich Landau |
U.S.S.R. |
contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter |
physiology/medicine |
Francis Harry Compton Crick |
U.K. |
discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA |
James Dewey Watson |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA |
Maurice Wilkins |
U.K. |
discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA |
1963 |
chemistry |
Giulio Natta |
Italy |
structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics |
Karl Ziegler |
West Germany |
structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics |
literature |
George Seferis |
Greece |
|
peace |
International Committee of the Red Cross |
(founded 1863) |
|
League of Red Cross Societies |
|
|
physics |
J. Hans D. Jensen |
West Germany |
development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei |
Maria Goeppert Mayer |
U.S. |
development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei |
Eugene Paul Wigner |
U.S. |
principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
physiology/medicine |
Sir John Carew Eccles |
Australia |
study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre |
Sir Alan Hodgkin |
U.K. |
study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre |
Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley |
U.K. |
study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre |
1964 |
chemistry |
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin |
U.K. |
determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia |
literature |
Jean-Paul Sartre (declined) |
France |
|
peace |
Martin Luther King, Jr. |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov |
U.S.S.R. |
work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles |
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Prokhorov |
U.S.S.R. |
work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles |
Charles Hard Townes |
U.S. |
work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles |
physiology/medicine |
Konrad Bloch |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism |
Feodor Lynen |
West Germany |
discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism |
1965 |
chemistry |
R.B. Woodward |
U.S. |
synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances |
literature |
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov |
U.S.S.R. |
|
peace |
United Nations Children’s Fund |
(founded 1946) |
|
physics |
Richard P. Feynman |
U.S. |
basic principles of quantum electrodynamics |
Julian Seymour Schwinger |
U.S. |
basic principles of quantum electrodynamics |
Tomonaga Shin’ichiro |
Japan |
basic principles of quantum electrodynamics |
physiology/medicine |
François Jacob |
France |
discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells |
André Lwoff |
France |
discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells |
Jacques Monod |
France |
discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells |
1966 |
chemistry |
Robert Sanderson Mulliken |
U.S. |
work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules |
literature |
S.Y. Agnon |
Israel |
|
Nelly Sachs |
Sweden |
|
physics |
Alfred Kastler |
France |
discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms |
physiology/medicine |
Charles B. Huggins |
U.S. |
research on causes and treatment of cancer |
Peyton Rous |
U.S. |
research on causes and treatment of cancer |
1967 |
chemistry |
Manfred Eigen |
West Germany |
studies of extremely fast chemical reactions |
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish |
U.K. |
studies of extremely fast chemical reactions |
Sir George Porter |
U.K. |
studies of extremely fast chemical reactions |
literature |
Miguel Ángel Asturias |
Guatemala |
|
physics |
Hans Bethe |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning the energy production of stars |
physiology/medicine |
Ragnar Arthur Granit |
Sweden |
discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye |
Haldan Keffer Hartline |
U.S. |
discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye |
George Wald |
U.S. |
discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye |
1968 |
chemistry |
Lars Onsager |
U.S. |
work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes |
literature |
Kawabata Yasunari |
Japan |
|
peace |
René Cassin |
France |
|
physics |
Luis W. Alvarez |
U.S. |
work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states |
physiology/medicine |
Robert William Holley |
U.S. |
deciphering of the genetic code |
Har Gobind Khorana |
U.S. |
deciphering of the genetic code |
Marshall William Nirenberg |
U.S. |
deciphering of the genetic code |
1969 |
chemistry |
Sir Derek H.R. Barton |
U.K. |
work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules |
Odd Hassel |
Norway |
work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules |
economics |
Ragnar Frisch |
Norway |
work in econometrics |
Jan Tinbergen |
Netherlands |
work in econometrics |
literature |
Samuel Beckett |
Ireland |
|
peace |
International Labour Organisation |
(founded 1919) |
physics |
Murray Gell-Mann |
U.S. |
classification of elementary particles and their interactions |
physiology/medicine |
Max Delbrück |
U.S. |
research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases |
A.D. Hershey |
U.S. |
research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases |
Salvador Luria |
U.S. |
research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases |
1970 |
chemistry |
Luis Federico Leloir |
Argentina |
discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates |
economics |
Paul Samuelson |
U.S. |
work in scientific analysis of economic theory |
literature |
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn |
U.S.S.R. |
|
peace |
Norman Ernest Borlaug |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Hannes Alfvén |
Sweden |
work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism |
Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel |
France |
work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism |
physiology/medicine |
Julius Axelrod |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission |
Ulf von Euler |
Sweden |
discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission |
Sir Bernard Katz |
U.K. |
discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission |
1971 |
chemistry |
Gerhard Herzberg |
Canada |
research in the structure of molecules |
economics |
Simon Kuznets |
U.S. |
extensive research on the economic growth of nations |
literature |
Pablo Neruda |
Chile |
|
peace |
Willy Brandt |
West Germany |
|
physics |
Dennis Gabor |
U.K. |
invention of holography |
physiology/medicine |
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. |
U.S. |
action of hormones |
1972 |
chemistry |
Christian B. Anfinsen |
U.S. |
fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry |
Stanford Moore |
U.S. |
fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry |
William H. Stein |
U.S. |
fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry |
economics |
Kenneth J. Arrow |
U.S. |
contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory |
Sir John R. Hicks |
U.K. |
contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory |
literature |
Heinrich Böll |
West Germany |
|
physics |
John Bardeen |
U.S. |
development of the theory of superconductivity |
Leon N. Cooper |
U.S. |
development of the theory of superconductivity |
John Robert Schrieffer |
U.S. |
development of the theory of superconductivity |
physiology/medicine |
Gerald Maurice Edelman |
U.S. |
research on the chemical structure of antibodies |
Rodney Robert Porter |
U.K. |
research on the chemical structure of antibodies |
1973 |
chemistry |
Ernst Otto Fischer |
West Germany |
organometallic chemistry |
Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson |
U.K. |
organometallic chemistry |
economics |
Wassily Leontief |
U.S. |
input-output analysis |
literature |
Patrick White |
Australia |
|
peace |
Henry A. Kissinger |
U.S. |
|
Le Duc Tho (declined) |
North Vietnam |
|
physics |
Leo Esaki |
Japan |
tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors |
Ivar Giaever |
U.S. |
tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors |
Brian D. Josephson |
U.K. |
tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors |
physiology/medicine |
Karl von Frisch |
Austria |
discoveries in animal behaviour patterns |
Konrad Lorenz |
Austria |
discoveries in animal behaviour patterns |
Nikolaas Tinbergen |
U.K. |
discoveries in animal behaviour patterns |
1974 |
chemistry |
Paul J. Flory |
U.S. |
studies of long-chain molecules |
economics |
Friedrich von Hayek |
U.K. |
pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena |
Gunnar Myrdal |
Sweden |
pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena |
literature |
Eyvind Johnson |
Sweden |
|
Harry Martinson |
Sweden |
|
peace |
Seán MacBride |
Ireland |
|
Sato Eisaku |
Japan |
|
physics |
Antony Hewish |
U.K. |
work in radio astronomy |
Sir Martin Ryle |
U.K. |
work in radio astronomy |
physiology/medicine |
Albert Claude |
U.S. |
research on structural and functional organization of cells |
Christian René de Duve |
Belgium |
research on structural and functional organization of cells |
George E. Palade |
U.S. |
research on structural and functional organization of cells |
1975 |
chemistry |
Sir John Warcup Cornforth |
U.K. |
work in stereochemistry |
Vladimir Prelog |
Switzerland |
work in stereochemistry |
economics |
Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich |
U.S.S.R. |
contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources |
Tjalling C. Koopmans |
U.S. |
contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources |
literature |
Eugenio Montale |
Italy |
|
peace |
Andrey Dmitriyevich Sakharov |
U.S.S.R. |
|
physics |
Aage N. Bohr |
Denmark |
work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion |
Ben R. Mottelson |
Denmark |
work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion |
James Rainwater |
U.S. |
work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion |
physiology/medicine |
David Baltimore |
U.S. |
interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
Renato Dulbecco |
U.S. |
interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
Howard Martin Temin |
U.S. |
interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
1976 |
chemistry |
William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. |
U.S. |
structure of boranes |
economics |
Milton Friedman |
U.S. |
consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization |
literature |
Saul Bellow |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Mairéad Corrigan |
Northern Ireland |
|
Betty Williams |
Northern Ireland |
|
physics |
Burton Richter |
U.S. |
discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) |
Samuel C.C. Ting |
U.S. |
discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J) |
physiology/medicine |
Baruch S. Blumberg |
U.S. |
studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases |
D. Carleton Gajdusek |
U.S. |
studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases |
1977 |
chemistry |
Ilya Prigogine |
Belgium |
widening the scope of thermodynamics |
economics |
James Edward Meade |
U.K. |
contributions to theory of international trade |
Bertil Ohlin |
Sweden |
contributions to theory of international trade |
literature |
Vicente Aleixandre |
Spain |
|
peace |
Amnesty International |
(founded 1961) |
|
physics |
Philip W. Anderson |
U.S. |
contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids |
Sir Nevill F. Mott |
U.K. |
contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids |
John H. Van Vleck |
U.S. |
contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids |
physiology/medicine |
Roger Charles Louis Guillemin |
U.S. |
research on pituitary hormones |
Andrew Victor Schally |
U.S. |
research on pituitary hormones |
Rosalyn S. Yalow |
U.S. |
development of radioimmunoassay |
1978 |
chemistry |
Peter Dennis Mitchell |
U.K. |
formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systems |
economics |
Herbert Alexander Simon |
U.S. |
decision-making processes in economic organizations |
literature |
Isaac Bashevis Singer |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Menachem Begin |
Israel |
|
Anwar el-Sadat |
Egypt |
|
physics |
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa |
U.S.S.R. |
invention and application of helium liquefier |
Arno Penzias |
U.S. |
discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory |
Robert Woodrow Wilson |
U.S. |
discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory |
physiology/medicine |
Werner Arber |
Switzerland |
discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA |
Daniel Nathans |
U.S. |
discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA |
Hamilton Othanel Smith |
U.S. |
discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA |
1979 |
chemistry |
Herbert Charles Brown |
U.S. |
introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances |
Georg Wittig |
West Germany |
introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances |
economics |
Sir Arthur Lewis |
U.K. |
analyses of economic processes in developing nations |
Theodore William Schultz |
U.S. |
analyses of economic processes in developing nations |
literature |
Odysseus Elytis |
Greece |
|
peace |
Mother Teresa |
India |
|
physics |
Sheldon Lee Glashow |
U.S. |
unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles |
Abdus Salam |
Pakistan |
unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles |
Steven Weinberg |
U.S. |
unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles |
physiology/medicine |
Allan MacLeod Cormack |
U.S. |
development of the CAT scan |
Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield |
U.K. |
development of the CAT scan |
1980 |
chemistry |
Paul Berg |
U.S. |
first preparation of a hybrid DNA |
Walter Gilbert |
U.S. |
development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure |
Frederick Sanger |
U.K. |
development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure |
economics |
Lawrence Robert Klein |
U.S. |
development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations |
literature |
Czesław Miłosz |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel |
Argentina |
|
physics |
James Watson Cronin |
U.S. |
demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries |
Val Logsdon Fitch |
U.S. |
demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries |
physiology/medicine |
Baruj Benacerraf |
U.S. |
investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances |
Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset |
France |
investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances |
George Davis Snell |
U.S. |
investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances |
1981 |
chemistry |
Fukui Kenichi |
Japan |
orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions |
Roald Hoffmann |
U.S. |
orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions |
economics |
James Tobin |
U.S. |
portfolio selection theory of investment |
literature |
Elias Canetti |
Bulgaria |
|
peace |
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |
(founded 1951) |
|
physics |
Nicolaas Bloembergen |
U.S. |
applications of lasers in spectroscopy |
Arthur Leonard Schawlow |
U.S. |
applications of lasers in spectroscopy |
Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn |
Sweden |
electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis |
physiology/medicine |
David Hunter Hubel |
U.S. |
processing of visual information by the brain |
Roger Wolcott Sperry |
U.S. |
functions of the cerebral hemispheres |
Torsten Nils Wiesel |
Sweden |
processing of visual information by the brain |
1982 |
chemistry |
Aaron Klug |
U.K. |
determination of structure of biological substances |
economics |
George J. Stigler |
U.S. |
economic effects of governmental regulation |
literature |
Gabriel García Márquez |
Colombia |
|
peace |
Alfonso García Robles |
Mexico |
|
Alva Myrdal |
Sweden |
|
physics |
Kenneth Geddes Wilson |
U.S. |
analysis of continuous phase transitions |
physiology/medicine |
Sune K. Bergström |
Sweden |
biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins |
Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson |
Sweden |
biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins |
John Robert Vane |
U.K. |
biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins |
1983 |
chemistry |
Henry Taube |
U.S. |
study of electron transfer reactions |
economics |
Gerard Debreu |
U.S. |
mathematical proof of supply and demand theory |
literature |
Sir William Golding |
U.K. |
|
peace |
Lech Wałęsa |
Poland |
|
physics |
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar |
U.S. |
contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars |
William A. Fowler |
U.S. |
contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars |
physiology/medicine |
Barbara McClintock |
U.S. |
discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity |
1984 |
chemistry |
Bruce Merrifield |
U.S. |
development of a method of polypeptide synthesis |
economics |
Sir Richard Stone |
U.K. |
development of national income accounting system |
literature |
Jaroslav Seifert |
Czechoslovakia |
|
peace |
Desmond Tutu |
South Africa |
|
physics |
Simon van der Meer |
Netherlands |
discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory |
Carlo Rubbia |
Italy |
discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory |
physiology/medicine |
Niels K. Jerne |
U.K.-Denmark |
theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies |
Georges J.F. Köhler |
West Germany |
theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies |
César Milstein |
Argentina |
theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies |
1985 |
chemistry |
Herbert A. Hauptman |
U.S. |
development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules |
Jerome Karle |
U.S. |
development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules |
economics |
Franco Modigliani |
U.S. |
analyses of household savings and financial markets |
literature |
Claude Simon |
France |
|
peace |
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War |
(founded 1980) |
|
physics |
Klaus von Klitzing |
West Germany |
discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance |
physiology/medicine |
Michael S. Brown |
U.S. |
discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism |
Joseph L. Goldstein |
U.S. |
discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism |
1986 |
chemistry |
Dudley R. Herschbach |
U.S. |
development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions |
Yuan T. Lee |
U.S. |
development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions |
John C. Polanyi |
Canada |
development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions |
economics |
James M. Buchanan |
U.S. |
public-choice theory bridging economics and political science |
literature |
Wole Soyinka |
Nigeria |
|
peace |
Elie Wiesel |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Gerd Binnig |
West Germany |
development of special electron microscopes |
Heinrich Rohrer |
Switzerland |
development of special electron microscopes |
Ernst Ruska |
West Germany |
development of special electron microscopes |
physiology/medicine |
Stanley Cohen |
U.S. |
discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells |
Rita Levi-Montalcini |
Italy |
discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells |
1987 |
chemistry |
Donald J. Cram |
U.S. |
development of molecules that can link with other molecules |
Jean-Marie Lehn |
France |
development of molecules that can link with other molecules |
Charles J. Pedersen |
U.S. |
development of molecules that can link with other molecules |
economics |
Robert Merton Solow |
U.S. |
contributions to the theory of economic growth |
literature |
Joseph Brodsky |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Oscar Arias Sánchez |
Costa Rica |
|
physics |
J. Georg Bednorz |
West Germany |
discovery of new superconducting materials |
Karl Alex Müller |
Switzerland |
discovery of new superconducting materials |
physiology/medicine |
Tonegawa Susumu |
Japan |
study of genetic aspects of antibodies |
1988 |
chemistry |
Johann Deisenhofer |
West Germany |
discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis |
Robert Huber |
West Germany |
discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis |
Hartmut Michel |
West Germany |
discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis |
economics |
Maurice Allais |
France |
contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources |
literature |
Naguib Mahfouz |
Egypt |
|
peace |
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces |
|
|
physics |
Leon Max Lederman |
U.S. |
research in subatomic particles |
Melvin Schwartz |
U.S. |
research in subatomic particles |
Jack Steinberger |
U.S. |
research in subatomic particles |
physiology/medicine |
Sir James Black |
U.K. |
development of new classes of drugs for combating disease |
Gertrude Belle Elion |
U.S. |
development of new classes of drugs for combating disease |
George Herbert Hitchings |
U.S. |
development of new classes of drugs for combating disease |
1989 |
chemistry |
Sidney Altman |
U.S. |
discovery of certain basic properties of RNA |
Thomas Robert Cech |
U.S. |
discovery of certain basic properties of RNA |
economics |
Trygve Haavelmo |
Norway |
development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting |
literature |
Camilo José Cela |
Spain |
|
peace |
Dalai Lama |
Tibet |
|
physics |
Hans Georg Dehmelt |
U.S. |
development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study |
Wolfgang Paul |
West Germany |
development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study |
Norman Foster Ramsey |
U.S. |
development of the atomic clock |
physiology/medicine |
J. Michael Bishop |
U.S. |
study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes |
Harold Varmus |
U.S. |
study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes |
1990 |
chemistry |
Elias James Corey |
U.S. |
development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules |
economics |
Harry M. Markowitz |
U.S. |
study of financial markets and investment decision-making |
Merton H. Miller |
U.S. |
study of financial markets and investment decision-making |
William F. Sharpe |
U.S. |
study of financial markets and investment decision-making |
literature |
Octavio Paz |
Mexico |
|
peace |
Mikhail Gorbachev |
U.S.S.R. |
|
physics |
Jerome Isaac Friedman |
U.S. |
discovery of atomic quarks |
Henry Way Kendall |
U.S. |
discovery of atomic quarks |
Richard E. Taylor |
Canada |
discovery of atomic quarks |
physiology/medicine |
Joseph E. Murray |
U.S. |
development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants |
E. Donnall Thomas |
U.S. |
development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants |
1991 |
chemistry |
Richard R. Ernst |
Switzerland |
improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
economics |
Ronald Coase |
U.S. |
application of economic principles to the study of law |
literature |
Nadine Gordimer |
South Africa |
|
peace |
Aung San Suu Kyi |
Myanmar |
|
physics |
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes |
France |
discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules |
physiology/medicine |
Erwin Neher |
Germany |
discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases |
Bert Sakmann |
Germany |
discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases |
1992 |
chemistry |
Rudolph A. Marcus |
U.S. |
explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules |
economics |
Gary S. Becker |
U.S. |
application of economic theory to social sciences |
literature |
Derek Walcott |
St. Lucia |
|
peace |
Rigoberta Menchú |
Guatemala |
|
physics |
Georges Charpak |
France |
inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles |
physiology/medicine |
Edmond H. Fischer |
U.S. |
discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases |
Edwin Gerhard Krebs |
U.S. |
discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases |
1993 |
chemistry |
Kary B. Mullis |
U.S. |
inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation |
Michael Smith |
Canada |
inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation |
economics |
Robert William Fogel |
U.S. |
contributions to economic history |
Douglass C. North |
U.S. |
contributions to economic history |
literature |
Toni Morrison |
U.S. |
|
peace |
F.W. de Klerk |
South Africa |
|
Nelson Mandela |
South Africa |
|
physics |
Russell Alan Hulse |
U.S. |
identifying binary pulsars |
Joseph H. Taylor, Jr. |
U.S. |
identifying binary pulsars |
physiology/medicine |
Richard J. Roberts |
U.K. |
discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure |
Phillip A. Sharp |
U.S. |
discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure |
1994 |
chemistry |
George A. Olah |
U.S. |
development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules |
economics |
John C. Harsanyi |
U.S. |
development of game theory |
John F. Nash |
U.S. |
development of game theory |
Reinhard Selten |
Germany |
development of game theory |
literature |
Oe Kenzaburo |
Japan |
|
peace |
Yasser Arafat |
Palestinian |
|
Shimon Peres |
Israel |
|
Yitzhak Rabin |
Israel |
|
physics |
Bertram N. Brockhouse |
Canada |
development of neutron-scattering techniques |
Clifford G. Shull |
U.S. |
development of neutron-scattering techniques |
physiology/medicine |
Alfred G. Gilman |
U.S. |
discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins |
Martin Rodbell |
U.S. |
discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins |
1995 |
chemistry |
Paul Crutzen |
Netherlands |
explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer |
Mario Molina |
U.S. |
explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer |
F. Sherwood Rowland |
U.S. |
explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer |
economics |
Robert E. Lucas, Jr. |
U.S. |
incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory |
literature |
Seamus Heaney |
Ireland |
|
peace |
Pugwash Conferences |
(founded 1957) |
|
Joseph Rotblat |
U.K. |
|
physics |
Martin Lewis Perl |
U.S. |
discovery of tau subatomic particle |
Frederick Reines |
U.S. |
discovery of neutrino subatomic particle |
physiology/medicine |
Edward B. Lewis |
U.S. |
identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development |
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard |
Germany |
identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development |
Eric F. Wieschaus |
U.S. |
identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development |
1996 |
chemistry |
Robert F. Curl, Jr. |
U.S. |
discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes |
Sir Harold W. Kroto |
U.K. |
discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes |
Richard E. Smalley |
U.S. |
discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes |
economics |
James A. Mirrlees |
U.K. |
contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information |
William Vickrey |
U.S. |
contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information |
literature |
Wisława Szymborska |
Poland |
|
peace |
Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo |
Timorese |
|
José Ramos-Horta |
Timorese |
|
physics |
David M. Lee |
U.S. |
discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 |
Douglas D. Osheroff |
U.S. |
discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 |
Robert C. Richardson |
U.S. |
discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3 |
physiology/medicine |
Peter C. Doherty |
Australia |
discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells |
Rolf M. Zinkernagel |
Switzerland |
discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells |
1997 |
chemistry |
Paul D. Boyer |
U.S. |
explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate |
Jens C. Skou |
Denmark |
discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase |
John E. Walker |
U.K. |
explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate |
economics |
Robert C. Merton |
U.S. |
methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives |
Myron S. Scholes |
U.S. |
methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives |
literature |
Dario Fo |
Italy |
|
peace |
International Campaign to Ban Landmines |
(founded 1992) |
|
Jody Williams |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Steven Chu |
U.S. |
process of trapping atoms with laser cooling |
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji |
France |
process of trapping atoms with laser cooling |
William D. Phillips |
U.S. |
process of trapping atoms with laser cooling |
physiology/medicine |
Stanley B. Prusiner |
U.S. |
discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein |
1998 |
chemistry |
Walter Kohn |
U.S. |
development of the density-functional theory |
John A. Pople |
U.K. |
development of computational methods in quantum chemistry |
economics |
Amartya Sen |
India |
contribution to welfare economics |
literature |
José Saramago |
Portugal |
peace |
John Hume |
Northern Ireland |
|
David Trimble |
Northern Ireland |
|
physics |
Robert B. Laughlin |
U.S. |
discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect |
Horst L. Störmer |
U.S. |
discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect |
Daniel C. Tsui |
U.S. |
discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect |
physiology/medicine |
Robert F. Furchgott |
U.S. |
discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system |
Louis J. Ignarro |
U.S. |
discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system |
Ferid Murad |
U.S. |
discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system |
1999 |
chemistry |
Ahmed H. Zewail |
Egypt/U.S. |
study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy |
economics |
Robert A. Mundell |
Canada |
analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimes |
literature |
Günter Grass |
Germany |
|
peace |
Doctors Without Borders |
(founded 1971) |
|
physics |
Gerardus ‘t Hooft |
Netherlands |
study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions |
Martinus J.G. Veltman |
Netherlands |
study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions |
physiology/medicine |
Günter Blobel |
U.S. |
discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization |
2000 |
chemistry |
Alan J. Heeger |
U.S. |
discovery of plastics that conduct electricity |
Alan G. MacDiarmid |
U.S. |
discovery of plastics that conduct electricity |
Shirakawa Hideki |
Japan |
discovery of plastics that conduct electricity |
economics |
James J. Heckman |
U.S. |
development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour |
Daniel L. McFadden |
U.S. |
development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour |
literature |
Gao Xingjian |
France |
|
peace |
Kim Dae-Jung |
South Korea |
|
physics |
Zhores I. Alferov |
Russia |
development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics |
Jack S. Kilby |
U.S. |
development of the integrated circuit (microchip) |
Herbert Kroemer |
Germany |
development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics |
physiology/medicine |
Arvid Carlsson |
Sweden |
discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain |
Paul Greengard |
U.S. |
discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain |
Eric R. Kandel |
U.S. |
discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain |
2001 |
chemistry |
William S. Knowles |
U.S. |
work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions |
Noyori Ryoji |
Japan |
work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions |
K. Barry Sharpless |
U.S. |
work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions |
economics |
George A. Akerlof |
U.S. |
analysis of markets with asymmetric information |
A. Michael Spence |
U.S. |
analysis of markets with asymmetric information |
Joseph E. Stiglitz |
U.S. |
analysis of markets with asymmetric information |
literature |
Sir V.S. Naipaul |
Trinidad |
|
peace |
United Nations |
(founded 1945) |
|
Kofi Annan |
Ghana |
|
physics |
Eric A. Cornell |
U.S. |
achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates |
Wolfgang Ketterle |
Germany |
achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates |
Carl E. Wieman |
U.S. |
achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates |
physiology/medicine |
Leland H. Hartwell |
U.S. |
discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle |
R. Timothy Hunt |
U.K. |
discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle |
Sir Paul M. Nurse |
U.K. |
discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle |
2002 |
chemistry |
John B. Fenn |
U.S. |
development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules |
Tanaka Koichi |
Japan |
development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules |
Kurt Wüthrich |
Switzerland |
development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules |
economics |
Daniel Kahneman |
U.S./Israel |
integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty |
Vernon L. Smith |
U.S. |
establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis |
literature |
Imre Kertész |
Hungary |
|
peace |
Jimmy Carter |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Raymond Davis, Jr. |
U.S. |
detection of neutrinos |
Riccardo Giacconi |
U.S. |
seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays |
Koshiba Masatoshi |
Japan |
detection of neutrinos |
physiology/medicine |
Sydney Brenner |
U.K. |
discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) |
H. Robert Horvitz |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) |
John E. Sulston |
U.K. |
discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis) |
2003 |
chemistry |
Peter Agre |
U.S. |
discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells |
Roderick MacKinnon |
U.S. |
discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells |
economics |
Robert F. Engle |
U.S. |
development of techniques for the analysis of time series data |
Clive W.J. Granger |
U.K. |
development of techniques for the analysis of time series data |
literature |
J.M. Coetzee |
South Africa |
|
peace |
Shirin Ebadi |
Iran |
|
physics |
Alexei A. Abrikosov |
U.S. |
discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures |
Vitaly L. Ginzburg |
Russia |
discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures |
Anthony J. Leggett |
U.S. |
discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures |
physiology/medicine |
Paul Lauterbur |
U.S. |
development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
Sir Peter Mansfield |
U.K. |
development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
2004 |
chemistry |
Aaron Ciechanover |
Israel |
discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation |
Avram Hershko |
Israel |
discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation |
Irwin Rose |
U.S. |
discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation |
economics |
Finn E. Kydland |
Norway |
contributions to dynamic macroeconomics |
Edward C. Prescott |
U.S. |
contributions to dynamic macroeconomics |
literature |
Elfriede Jelinek |
Austria |
|
peace |
Wangari Maathi |
Kenya |
|
physics |
David J. Gross |
U.S. |
discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction |
H. David Politzer |
U.S. |
discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction |
Frank Wilczek |
U.S. |
discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction |
physiology/medicine |
Richard Axel |
U.S. |
discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system |
Linda B. Buck |
U.S. |
discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system |
2005 |
chemistry |
Yves Chauvin |
France |
development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis |
Robert H. Grubbs |
U.S. |
development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis |
Richard R. Schrock |
U.S. |
development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis |
economics |
Robert J. Aumann |
Israel |
contributions to game-theory analysis |
Thomas C. Schelling |
U.S. |
contributions to game-theory analysis |
literature |
Harold Pinter |
U.K. |
|
peace |
Mohamed ElBaradei |
Egypt |
|
International Atomic Energy Agency |
(founded 1957) |
|
physics |
Roy J. Glauber |
U.S. |
contributions to the field of optics |
John L. Hall |
U.S. |
contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy |
Theodor W. Hänsch |
Germany |
contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy |
physiology/medicine |
Barry J. Marshall |
Australia |
discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease |
J. Robin Warren |
Australia |
discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease |
2006 |
chemistry |
Roger D. Kornberg |
U.S. |
work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription |
economics |
Edmund S. Phelps |
U.S. |
analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy |
literature |
Orhan Pamuk |
Turkey |
|
peace |
Grameen Bank |
(founded 1976) |
|
Muhammad Yunus |
Bangladesh |
|
physics |
John C. Mather |
U.S. |
discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation |
George F. Smoot |
U.S. |
discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation |
physiology/medicine |
Andrew Z. Fire |
U.S. |
discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
Craig C. Mello |
U.S. |
discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
2007 |
chemistry |
Gerhard Ertl |
Germany |
studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces |
economics |
Leonid Hurwicz |
U.S. |
work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory |
Eric S. Maskin |
U.S. |
work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory |
Roger B. Myerson |
U.S. |
work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory |
literature |
Doris Lessing |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Al Gore |
U.S. |
|
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
(founded 1988) |
|
physics |
Albert Fert |
France |
discovery of giant magnetoresistance |
Peter Grünberg |
Germany |
discovery of giant magnetoresistance |
physiology/medicine |
Mario R. Capecchi |
U.S. |
discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
Sir Martin J. Evans |
U.K. |
discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
Oliver Smithies |
U.S. |
discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
2008 |
chemistry |
Martin Chalfie |
U.S. |
discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP |
Osamu Shimomura |
U.S. |
discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP |
Roger Y. Tsien |
U.S. |
discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP |
economics |
Paul Krugman |
U.S. |
analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity |
literature |
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio |
France |
|
peace |
Martti Ahtisaari |
Finland |
|
physics |
Kobayashi Makoto |
Japan |
discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature |
Maskawa Toshihide |
Japan |
discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature |
Yoichiro Nambu |
U.S. |
discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics |
physiology/medicine |
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi |
France |
discovery of human immunodeficiency virus |
Luc Montagnier |
France |
discovery of human immunodeficiency virus |
Harald zur Hausen |
Germany |
discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer |
2009 |
chemistry |
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan |
U.S. |
studies of the structure and function of the ribosome |
Thomas Steitz |
U.S. |
studies of the structure and function of the ribosome |
Ada Yonath |
Israel |
studies of the structure and function of the ribosome |
economics |
Elinor Ostrom |
U.S. |
analysis of economic governance, especially the commons |
Oliver E. Williamson |
U.S. |
analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm |
literature |
Herta Müller |
Germany |
|
peace |
Barack Obama |
U.S. |
|
physics |
Willard Boyle |
Canada/U.S. |
invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit |
Charles Kao |
U.K./U.S. |
achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication |
George E. Smith |
U.S. |
invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit |
physiology/medicine |
Elizabeth H. Blackburn |
U.S. |
discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
Carol W. Greider |
U.S. |
discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
Jack W. Szostak |
U.S. |
discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
2010 |
chemistry |
Richard F. Heck |
U.S. |
development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules |
Negishi Ei-ichi |
Japan |
development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules |
Suzmediuki Akira |
Japan |
development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules |
economics |
Peter A. Diamond |
U.S. |
analysis of markets with search frictions |
Dale T. Mortensen |
U.S. |
analysis of markets with search frictions |
Christopher A. Pissarides |
Cyprus/U.K. |
analysis of markets with search frictions |
literature |
Mario Vargas Llosa |
Peru |
|
peace |
Liu Xiaobo |
China |
|
physics |
Andre Geim |
Netherlands |
experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene |
Konstantin Novoselov |
Russia/U.K. |
experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene |
physiology/medicine |
Robert Edwards |
U.K. |
development of in vitro fertilization |
2011 |
chemistry |
Daniel Shechtman |
Israel |
discovery of quasicrystals |
economics |
Thomas J. Sargent |
U.S. |
empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy |
Christopher A. Sims |
U.S. |
empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy |
literature |
Tomas Tranströmer |
Sweden |
|
peace |
Leymah Gbowee |
Liberia |
|
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |
Liberia |
|
Tawakkul Karmān |
Yemen |
|
physics |
Saul Perlmutter |
U.S. |
discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae |
Adam G. Riess |
U.S./Australia |
discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae |
Brian P. Schmidt |
U.S. |
discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae |
physiology/medicine |
Bruce A. Beutler |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity |
Jules A. Hoffman |
Luxembourg/France |
discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity |
Ralph M. Steinman |
Canada |
discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity |
2012 |
chemistry |
Brian K. Kobilka |
U.S. |
studies of G-protein-coupled receptors |
Robert J. Lefkowitz |
U.S. |
studies of G-protein-coupled receptors |
economics |
Alvin E. Roth |
U.S. |
work on market design and matching theory |
Lloyd S. Shapley |
U.S. |
work on market design and matching theory |
literature |
Mo Yan |
China |
|
peace |
European Union |
(founded 1993) |
|
physics |
Serge Haroche |
France |
development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems |
David J. Wineland |
U.S. |
development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems |
physiology/medicine |
Sir John Bertrand Gurdon |
U.K. |
discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent |
Shinya Yamanaka |
Japan |
discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent |
2013 |
chemistry |
Martin Karplus |
Austria/U.S. |
development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems |
Michael Levitt |
U.K./U.S./Israel |
development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems |
Arieh Warshel |
Israel/U.S. |
development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems |
economics |
Eugene F. Fama |
U.S. |
empirical analysis of asset prices |
Lars P. Hansen |
U.S. |
empirical analysis of asset prices |
Robert J. Shiller |
U.S. |
empirical analysis of asset prices |
literature |
Alice Munro |
Canada |
|
peace |
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons |
(founded 1997) |
|
physics |
François Englert |
Belgium |
theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles |
Peter Higgs |
U.K. |
theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles |
physiology/medicine |
James E. Rothman |
U.S. |
discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells |
Randy W. Schekman |
U.S. |
discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells |
Thomas C. Südhof |
Germany/U.S. |
discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells |
2014 |
chemistry |
Eric Betzig |
U.S. |
development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy |
Stefan W. Hell |
Germany |
development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy |
William E. Moerner |
U.S. |
development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy |
economics |
Jean Tirole |
France |
analysis of market power and regulation |
literature |
Patrick Modiano |
France |
|
peace |
Kailash Satyarthi |
India |
|
Malala Yousafzai |
Pakistan |
|
physics |
Akasaki Isamu |
Japan |
invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources |
Amano Hiroshi |
Japan |
invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources |
Shuji Nakamura |
U.S. |
invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources |
physiology/medicine |
Edvard I. Moser |
Norway |
discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain |
May-Britt Moser |
Norway |
discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain |
John O’Keefe |
U.S./U.K. |
discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain |
2015 |
chemistry |
Tomas Lindahl |
Sweden |
mechanistic studies of DNA repair |
Paul Modrich |
U.S. |
mechanistic studies of DNA repair |
Aziz Sancar |
Turkey/U.S. |
mechanistic studies of DNA repair |
economics |
Angus S. Deaton |
U.K. |
analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare |
literature |
Svetlana Alexievich |
Belarus |
|
peace |
National Dialogue Quartet |
(founded 2013) |
|
physics |
Kajita Takaaki |
Japan |
discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass |
Arthur B. McDonald |
Canada |
discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass |
physiology/medicine |
William C. Campbell |
Ireland |
discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites |
Ōmura Satoshi |
Japan |
discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites |
Tu Youyou |
China |
discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria |
2016 |
chemistry |
Jean-Pierre Sauvage |
France |
design and synthesis of molecular machines |
J. Fraser Stoddart |
U.K. |
design and synthesis of molecular machines |
Bernard Feringa |
Netherlands |
design and synthesis of molecular machines |
economics |
Oliver Hart |
U.K. |
contributions to contract theory |
Bengt Holmström |
Finland |
contributions to contract theory |
literature |
Bob Dylan |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Juan Manuel Santos |
Colombia |
|
physics |
David Thouless |
U.K. |
theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter |
Duncan Haldane |
U.K. |
theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter |
Michael Kosterlitz |
U.K. |
theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter |
physiology/medicine |
Yoshinori Ohsumi |
Japan |
discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy |
2017 |
chemistry |
Jacques Dubochet |
Switzerland |
development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution |
Joachim Frank |
Germany/U.S. |
development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution |
Richard Henderson |
U.K. |
development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution |
economics |
Richard H. Thaler |
U.S. |
contributions to behavioral economics |
literature |
Kazuo Ishiguro |
U.K. |
|
peace |
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons |
(founded 2007) |
|
physics |
Barry C. Barish |
U.S. |
decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves |
Kip S. Thorne |
U.S. |
decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves |
Rainer Weiss |
U.S. |
decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves |
physiology/medicine |
Jeffrey C. Hall |
U.S. |
discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
Michael Rosbash |
U.S. |
discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
Michael W. Young |
U.S. |
discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm |
2018 |
chemistry |
Frances Arnold |
U.S. |
first directed evolution of enzymes |
George P. Smith |
U.S. |
development of phage display, a method in which a bacteriophage can be used to evolve new proteins |
Gregory P. Winter |
U.K. |
work using the phage display method for the directed evolution of antibodies |
economics |
William Nordhaus |
U.S. |
integration of climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis |
Paul Romer |
U.S. |
integration of technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis |
literature** |
Olga Tokarczuk |
Poland |
|
peace |
Denis Mukwege |
Democratic Republic of the Congo |
|
Nadia Murad |
Iraq |
|
physics |
Arthur Ashkin |
U.S. |
invention of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems |
Gérard Mourou |
France |
invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses |
Donna Strickland |
Canada |
invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses |
physiology/medicine |
James P. Allison |
U.S. |
discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation |
Tasuku Honjo |
Japan |
discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation |
2019 |
chemistry |
John B. Goodenough |
U.S. |
development of lithium-ion batteries |
M. Stanley Whittingham |
U.K./U.S. |
development of lithium-ion batteries |
Yoshino Akira |
Japan |
development of lithium-ion batteries |
economics |
Abhijit Banerjee |
U.S. |
experimental approach to alleviating global poverty |
Esther Duflo |
French/U.S. |
experimental approach to alleviating global poverty |
Michael Kremer |
U.S. |
experimental approach to alleviating global poverty |
literature |
Peter Handke |
Austria |
|
peace |
Abiy Ahmed |
Ethiopia |
|
physics |
James Peebles |
Canada/U.S. |
theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology |
Michel Mayor |
Switzerland |
discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star |
Didier Queloz |
Switzerland |
discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star |
physiology/medicine |
William G. Kaelin, Jr. |
U.S. |
discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability |
Peter J. Ratcliffe |
U.K. |
discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability |
Gregg L. Semenza |
U.S. |
discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability |
2020 |
chemistry |
Emmanuelle Charpentier |
France |
development of a method for genome editing |
Jennifer Doudna |
U.S. |
development of a method for genome editing |
economics |
Paul R. Milgrom |
U.S. |
improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats |
Robert B. Wilson |
U.S. |
improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats |
literature |
Louise Glück |
U.S. |
|
peace |
World Food Programme |
(founded 1961) |
|
physics |
Reinhard Genzel |
Germany |
discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy |
Andrea Ghez |
U.S. |
discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy |
Roger Penrose |
U.K. |
discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity |
physiology/medicine |
Harvey J. Alter |
U.S. |
discovery of hepatitis C virus |
Michael Houghton |
U.K. |
discovery of hepatitis C virus |
Charles M. Rice |
U.S. |
discovery of hepatitis C virus |
2021 |
chemistry |
Benjamin List |
Germany |
development of asymmetric organocatalysis |
David W.C. MacMillan |
U.K./U.S. |
development of asymmetric organocatalysis |
economics |
Joshua Angrist |
Israel/U.S. |
methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships |
David Card |
Canada/U.S. |
empirical contributions to labour economics |
Guido W. Imbens |
Neth./U.S. |
methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships |
literature |
Abdulrazak Gurnah |
Tanz. |
|
peace |
Dmitry Muratov |
Russia |
|
Maria Ressa |
Phil./U.S. |
|
physics |
Klaus Hasselmann |
Germany |
physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming |
Manabe Syukuro |
Japan/U.S. |
physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming |
Giorgio Parisi |
Italy |
discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales |
physiology/medicine |
David Julius |
U.S. |
discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch |
Ardem Patapoutian |
U.S. |
discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch |
2022 |
chemistry |
Carolyn R. Bertozzi |
U.S. |
development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry |
Morten P. Meldal |
Neth. |
development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry |
K. Barry Sharpless |
U.S. |
development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry |
economics |
Ben Bernanke |
U.S. |
research on banks and financial crises |
Douglas Diamond |
U.S. |
research on banks and financial crises |
Philip Dybvig |
U.S. |
research on banks and financial crises |
literature |
Annie Ernaux |
France |
|
peace |
Ales Bialiatski |
Belarus |
|
Center for Civil Liberties |
Ukraine |
|
Memorial |
Russia |
|
physics |
Alain Aspect |
France |
experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology |
John F. Clauser |
U.S. |
experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology |
Anton Zeilinger |
Austria |
experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology |
physiology/medicine |
Svante Pääbo |
Sweden |
discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution |
2023 |
chemistry |
Moungi Bawendi |
France/U.S. |
discovery and synthesis of quantum dots |
Louis Brus |
U.S. |
discovery and synthesis of quantum dots |
Alexei Ekimov |
Russia/U.S. |
discovery and synthesis of quantum dots |
economics |
Claudia Goldin |
U.S. |
research on women’s labour market outcomes |
literature |
Jon Fosse |
U.S. |
|
peace |
Narges Mohammadi |
Iran |
|
physics |
Pierre Agostini |
France |
development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter |
Ferenc Krausz |
Hungary |
development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter |
Anne L’Huillier |
France |
development of experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter |
physiology/medicine |
Katalin Karikó |
Hungary/U.S. |
discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 |
Drew Weissman |
U.S. |
discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 |