Frequency Reuse is the scheme in which allocation and reuse of channels throughout a coverage region is done. Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels or Frequency sub-bands to be used within a small geographic area known as a cell. The shape of the cell is Hexagonal. The process of selecting and allocating the frequency sub-bands for all of the cellular base station within a system is called Frequency reuse or Frequency Planning. Salient features of using Frequency Reuse:
- Frequency reuse improve the spectral efficiency and signal Quality (QoS).
- Frequency reuse classical scheme proposed for GSM systems offers a protection against interference.
- The number of times a frequency can be reused is depend on the tolerance capacity of the radio channel from the nearby transmitter that is using the same frequencies.
- In Frequency Reuse scheme, total bandwidth is divided into different sub-bands that are used by cells.
- Frequency reuse scheme allow WiMax system operators to reuse the same frequencies at different cell sites.
Cell with the same letter uses the same set of channels group or frequencies sub-band. To find the total number of channel allocated to a cell: S = Total number of duplex channels available to use k = Channels allocated to each cell (k<S) N = Total number of cells or Cluster Size Then Total number of channels (S) will be,
S = kN Frequency Reuse Factor = 1/N
In the above diagram cluster size is 7 (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) thus frequency reuse factor is 1/7. N is the number of cells which collectively use the complete set of available frequencies is called a Cluster. The value of N is calculated by the following formula:
N = I2 + I*J + J2
Where I,J = 0,1,2,3… Hence, possible values of N are 1,3,4,7,9,12,13,16,19 and so on. If a Cluster is replicated or repeated M times within the cellular system, then Capacity, C, will be,
C = MkN = MS
In Frequency reuse there are several cells that use the same set of frequencies. These cells are called Co-Channel Cells. These Co-Channel cells results in interference. So to avoid the Interference cells that use the same set of channels or frequencies are separated from one another by a larger distance. The distance between any two Co-Channels can be calculated by the following formula:
D = R * (3 * N)1/2
Where, R = Radius of a cell N = Number of cells in a given cluster
Advantages :
- Improved Spectral Efficiency: By reusing the same frequency in different geographic areas, spectral efficiency can be improved, enabling more efficient spectrum usage.
- Better Quality of Service: With the ability to reuse the same frequency in different cells, the interference between cells can be minimized, leading to better quality of service.
- Cost-Effective: Frequency reuse can reduce the cost of building a cellular network since fewer frequency bands are required.
Scalability: Frequency reuse enables the network to be easily scaled by adding more cells as needed. - Increased Network Capacity: Frequency reuse allows more cells to be served with the same amount of spectrum, resulting in increased network capacity.
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Scalability: Frequency reuse enables the network to be easily scaled by adding more cells as needed.
Disadvantages:
- Increased Interference: Frequency reuse can result in increased interference, particularly in areas where cells are closely spaced. This can reduce the quality of service and network capacity.
- Implementation Complexity: Frequency reuse requires careful planning to ensure that cells are appropriately spaced and that interference is minimized. This can make the implementation process more complex and time-consuming.
- Reduced Coverage: With the use of smaller cells to achieve higher capacity, the coverage area of each cell is reduced, requiring more base stations and infrastructure.
- Increased Power Consumption: Due to the use of smaller cells, more base stations are required, leading to higher power consumption and operational costs.
- Increased Network Cost: The cost of implementing a frequency reuse system may be higher due to the need for additional infrastructure and careful planning to ensure proper frequency reuse.
Below is the Python code for visualizing the Frequency Reuse concept
Python3
#!/usr/bin/pythonfrom math import *
# import everything from Tkinter modulefrom tkinter import *
# Base class for Hexagon shapeclass Hexagon(object):
def __init__(self, parent, x, y, length, color, tags):
self.parent = parent
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.length = length
self.color = color
self.size = None
self.tags = tags
self.draw_hex()
# draw one hexagon
def draw_hex(self):
start_x = self.x
start_y = self.y
angle = 60
coords = []
for i in range(6):
end_x = start_x + self.length * cos(radians(angle * i))
end_y = start_y + self.length * sin(radians(angle * i))
coords.append([start_x, start_y])
start_x = end_x
start_y = end_y
self.parent.create_polygon(coords[0][0],
coords[0][1],
coords[1][0],
coords[1][1],
coords[2][0],
coords[2][1],
coords[3][0],
coords[3][1],
coords[4][0],
coords[4][1],
coords[5][0],
coords[5][1],
fill=self.color,
outline="black",
tags=self.tags)
# class holds frequency reuse logic and related methodsclass FrequencyReuse(Tk):
CANVAS_WIDTH = 800
CANVAS_HEIGHT = 650
TOP_LEFT = (20, 20)
BOTTOM_LEFT = (790, 560)
TOP_RIGHT = (780, 20)
BOTTOM_RIGHT = (780, 560)
def __init__(self, cluster_size, columns=16, rows=10, edge_len=30):
Tk.__init__(self)
self.textbox = None
self.curr_angle = 330
self.first_click = True
self.reset = False
self.edge_len = edge_len
self.cluster_size = cluster_size
self.reuse_list = []
self.all_selected = False
self.curr_count = 0
self.hexagons = []
self.co_cell_endp = []
self.reuse_xy = []
self.canvas = Canvas(self,
width=self.CANVAS_WIDTH,
height=self.CANVAS_HEIGHT,
bg="#4dd0e1")
self.canvas.bind("<Button-1>", self.call_back)
self.canvas.focus_set()
self.canvas.bind('<Shift-R>', self.resets)
self.canvas.pack()
self.title("Frequency reuse and co-channel selection")
self.create_grid(16, 10)
self.create_textbox()
self.cluster_reuse_calc()
# show lines joining all co-channel cells
def show_lines(self):
# center(x,y) of first hexagon
approx_center = self.co_cell_endp[0]
self.line_ids = []
for k in range(1, len(self.co_cell_endp)):
end_xx = (self.co_cell_endp[k])[0]
end_yy = (self.co_cell_endp[k])[1]
# move i^th steps
l_id = self.canvas.create_line(approx_center[0], approx_center[1],
end_xx, end_yy)
if j == 0:
self.line_ids.append(l_id)
dist = 0
elif i >= j and j != 0:
self.line_ids.append(l_id)
dist = j
# rotate counter-clockwise and move j^th step
l_id = self.canvas.create_line(
end_xx, end_yy, end_xx + self.center_dist * dist *
cos(radians(self.curr_angle - 60)),
end_yy + self.center_dist * dist *
sin(radians(self.curr_angle - 60)))
self.line_ids.append(l_id)
self.curr_angle -= 60
def create_textbox(self):
txt = Text(self.canvas,
width=80,
height=1,
font=("Helvatica", 12),
padx=10,
pady=10)
txt.tag_configure("center", justify="center")
txt.insert("1.0", "Select a Hexagon")
txt.tag_add("center", "1.0", "end")
self.canvas.create_window((0, 600), anchor='w', window=txt)
txt.config(state=DISABLED)
self.textbox = txt
def resets(self, event):
if event.char == 'R':
self.reset_grid()
# clear hexagonal grid for new i/p
def reset_grid(self, button_reset=False):
self.first_click = True
self.curr_angle = 330
self.curr_count = 0
self.co_cell_endp = []
self.reuse_list = []
for i in self.hexagons:
self.canvas.itemconfigure(i.tags, fill=i.color)
try:
self.line_ids
except AttributeError:
pass
else:
for i in self.line_ids:
self.canvas.after(0, self.canvas.delete, i)
self.line_ids = []
if button_reset:
self.write_text("Select a Hexagon")
# create a grid of Hexagons
def create_grid(self, cols, rows):
size = self.edge_len
for c in range(cols):
if c % 2 == 0:
offset = 0
else:
offset = size * sqrt(3) / 2
for r in range(rows):
x = c * (self.edge_len * 1.5) + 50
y = (r * (self.edge_len * sqrt(3))) + offset + 15
hx = Hexagon(self.canvas, x, y, self.edge_len, "#fafafa",
"{},{}".format(r, c))
self.hexagons.append(hx)
# calculate reuse distance, center distance and radius of the hexagon
def cluster_reuse_calc(self):
self.hex_radius = sqrt(3) / 2 * self.edge_len
self.center_dist = sqrt(3) * self.hex_radius
self.reuse_dist = self.hex_radius * sqrt(3 * self.cluster_size)
def write_text(self, text):
self.textbox.config(state=NORMAL)
self.textbox.delete('1.0', END)
self.textbox.insert('1.0', text, "center")
self.textbox.config(state=DISABLED)
#check if the co-channels are within visible canvas
def is_within_bound(self, coords):
if self.TOP_LEFT[0] < coords[0] < self.BOTTOM_RIGHT[0] \
and self.TOP_RIGHT[1] < coords[1] < self.BOTTOM_RIGHT[1]:
return True
return False
#gets called when user selects a hexagon
#This function applies frequency reuse logic in order to
#figure out the positions of the co-channels
def call_back(self, evt):
selected_hex_id = self.canvas.find_closest(evt.x, evt.y)[0]
hexagon = self.hexagons[int(selected_hex_id - 1)]
s_x, s_y = hexagon.x, hexagon.y
approx_center = (s_x + 15, s_y + 25)
if self.first_click:
self.first_click = False
self.write_text(
"""Now, select another hexagon such
that it should be a co-cell of
the original hexagon."""
)
self.co_cell_endp.append(approx_center)
self.canvas.itemconfigure(hexagon.tags, fill="green")
for _ in range(6):
end_xx = approx_center[0] + self.center_dist * i * cos(
radians(self.curr_angle))
end_yy = approx_center[1] + self.center_dist * i * sin(
radians(self.curr_angle))
reuse_x = end_xx + (self.center_dist * j) * cos(
radians(self.curr_angle - 60))
reuse_y = end_yy + (self.center_dist * j) * sin(
radians(self.curr_angle - 60))
if not self.is_within_bound((reuse_x, reuse_y)):
self.write_text(
"""co-cells are exceeding canvas boundary.
Select cell in the center"""
)
self.reset_grid()
break
if j == 0:
self.reuse_list.append(
self.canvas.find_closest(end_xx, end_yy)[0])
elif i >= j and j != 0:
self.reuse_list.append(
self.canvas.find_closest(reuse_x, reuse_y)[0])
self.co_cell_endp.append((end_xx, end_yy))
self.curr_angle -= 60
else:
curr = self.canvas.find_closest(s_x, s_y)[0]
if curr in self.reuse_list:
self.canvas.itemconfigure(hexagon.tags, fill="green")
self.write_text("Correct! Cell {} is a co-cell.".format(
hexagon.tags))
if self.curr_count == len(self.reuse_list) - 1:
self.write_text("Great! Press Shift-R to restart")
self.show_lines()
self.curr_count += 1
else:
self.write_text("Incorrect! Cell {} is not a co-cell.".format(
hexagon.tags))
self.canvas.itemconfigure(hexagon.tags, fill="red")
if __name__ == '__main__':
print(
"""Enter i & j values. common (i,j) values are:
(1,0), (1,1), (2,0), (2,1), (3,0), (2,2)"""
)
i = int(input("Enter i: "))
j = int(input("Enter j: "))
if i == 0 and j == 0:
raise ValueError("i & j both cannot be zero")
elif j > i:
raise ValueError("value of j cannot be greater than i")
else:
N = (i**2 + i * j + j**2)
print("N is {}".format(N))
freqreuse = FrequencyReuse(cluster_size=N)
freqreuse.mainloop()
|
INPUT: Enter i & j values i: 2 j: 1
OUTPUT:
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