The process of choosing a path across one or more networks is known as network routing. Any kind of network, including public transit and phone networks, can use the routing principles. Routing chooses the routes along which Internet Protocol (IP) packets get from their source to their destination in packet-switching networks, such as the Internet. Routers are specialized pieces of network hardware that make these judgments about Internet routing.
What is Routing?
Routing refers to the process of directing a data packet from one node to another. It is an autonomous process handled by the network devices to direct a data packet to its intended destination. Note that, the node here refers to a network device called – ‘Router‘. Routing is a crucial mechanism that transmits data from one location to another across a network (Network type could be any like LAN, WAN, or MAN). The process of routing involves making various routing decisions to ensure reliable & efficient delivery of the data packet by finding the shortest path using various routing metrics which we will be discussing in this article.
Routing of a data packet is done by analyzing the destination IP Address of the packet. Look at the below image:
Routing of packets
- Source Node (Sender) sends the data packet on the network, embedding the IP in the header of data packet.
- The nearest router receives the data packet, and based on some metrics, further routes the data packet to other routers.
- Step-2 occurs recursively till the data packet reaches its intended destination.
Note: There are limits to how many hop counts a packet can do if its exceeded, the packet is considered to be lost.
Types of Routing
Routing is typically of 3 types, each serving their own purpose and offering different functionalities.
Types of Routing
1. Static Routing
Static routing is also called as “non-adaptive routing”. In this, routing configuration is done manually by the network administrator. Let’s say for example, we have 5 different routes to transmit data from one node to another, so the network administrator will have to manually enter the routing information by assessing all the routes.
- Network administrator has full control over the network, routing the data packets to their concerned destinations
- Routers will route packets to the destination configured manually the network administrator.
- Although this type of routing gives a fine-grained control over the routes, it may not be suitable for large scale enterprise networks.
2. Dynamic Routing
Dynamic Routing is another type of routing in which routing is an autonomous procedure without any human intervention. Packets are transmitted over a network using various shortest path algorithms and pre-determined metrics. This type of routing is majorly preferred in modern networks as it offers more flexibility and versatile functionality.
- It is also known as adaptive routing.
- In this, the router adds a new routes to the routing table based on any changes made in the topology of the network.
- The autonomous procedure of routing helps in automating every routing operation from adding to removing a route upon updates or any changes made to the network.
3. Default Routing
Default Routing is a routing technique in which a router is configured to transmit packets to a default route that is, a gateway or next hop device if no specific path is defined or found. It is commonly used when the network has single exit point. The IP Router has the following address as the default route : 0.0.0.0/0.
Working Principle of Routing
Routing works by finding a shortest path from the source node to the destination node across a network. Here’s step-by-step working of routing:
Step1: Communication initiation
The first step that typically happens is, one node (client or server) initiates a communication across a network using HTTP protocols.
Step2: Data Packets
The source device now breaks a big chunk of information into small data packets for reliable and efficient transmission. This process is called is called de-assembling and encapsulating the data payload. And then each data packet is labelled with the destination node’s IP address.
Step3: Routing Table
Routing table is a logical data structure used to store the IP addresses and relevant information regarding the nearest routers. The source node then looks up for the IP addresses of all the nodes that can transmit the packet to its destination and selects the shortest path using the shortest path algorithm and then routes accordingly.
Routing Table is stored in a router, a network device that determines the shortest path and routes the data packet.
Step4: Hopping procedure
In the procedure or routing, the data packet will undergo many hops across various different nodes in a network till it reaches its final destination node. Hop-count is defined as the number of nodes required to traverse through to finally reach the intended destination node. This hopping procedure has a certain criteria defined for every data packet, there’s a limited number of hops a packet can take if the packet exceeds that, then its considered to be lost and it is retransmitted.
Step5: Reaching the destination node
Once all the data packets reach their intended destination node, they re-assemble and transform into complete information that was sent by the sender (source node). The receiver will perform various error checking mechanism to verify the authenticity of the data packets.
Overall, the data packet will be transmitted over least hop-count path as well as the path on which there is less traffic to prevent packet loss.
Working of Routing
In the above image, we have 3 major components
- Sender
- Receiver
- Routers
The shortest path is highlighted in red, the path with least hop-count. As we can see, there are multiple paths from source to node but if all the appropriate metrics are satisfied, the data packets will be transmitted through the shortest path (highlighted in red).
Routing Metrics and Protocols
The purpose of routing protocols is to learn about all the available paths to route data packets, build routing table and take routing decisions based on some specified metrics. There are two primary types of routing protocols rest of them ideate from these two only.
1. Distance Vector Routing
In this type of routing protocol, all the nodes that are a part of the network advertise their routing table to their adjacent nodes (nodes that are directly connected to each other) at regular intervals. With each router getting updated at regular intervals, it may take time for all the nodes to have the same accurate network view.
- Uses fixed length sub-net, not suitable for scaling.
- Algorithm used: Bellman Ford Algorithm to find the shortest path.
2. Link State Routing
Link State Routing is another type of dynamic routing protocol in which routes advertise their updated routing tables only when some new updates are added. This results in effective use of bandwidth. All the routers keep exchanging the information dynamically regarding different links such as cost and hop count to find the best possible path.
- Uses variable length sub-net mask, which is scalable and uses addressing more effectively.
- Algorithm used: Djikstra’s Algorithm to find the shortest path.
Let’s look at the metrics used to measure the cost to travel one node to another :-
1. Hop Count: Hop count refers to the number of nodes a data packet has to traverse to reach its intended destination. Transmitting from one node to another node counts as 1 – hop count. The goal is to minimize the hop count and find the shortest path.
2. Bandwidth Consumption: Bandwidth is the ability of a network to transmit data typically measured in (Kilobits per second)kbps, mbps(Megabits per second) or Gbps (Gigabits per second). The bandwidth depends on a number of factors such as – the volume of data, traffic on a network, network speed etc. Routing decision is made in a way to ensure efficient bandwidth consumption.
3. Delay: Delay is the time it takes for a data packet to travel from source node to its destination node. There are different types of delay such as – propagation delay, transmission delay, queing delay.
4. Load: Load refers to the network traffic on a certain path in the context of routing. A data packet will be routed to the path with lesser load so that it reaches its destination in the specified time.
5. Reliability: Reliability refers to the assured delivery of the data packet to its intended destination although there are certain other factors, the data packet is routed in such a way so that it reaches its destination. The stability and availability of the link in the network is looked over before routing the data packet from a specific path.
Advantages of Routing
- Overall routing can be done in various ways its important to know requirements and use the one that fits right for our specific needs, hence the automated routing is typically preferred as the routing of packets is done by the algorithms defined and moreover the manually configurable routing can give us a fine grained control over the network.
- Routing is a high scalable operation for transmitting data that is, in a large scale enterprise networks it becomes crucial to manage information related to all the nodes that may be sharing sensitive and confidential information regarding the organization.
- Load Balancing is also one of the crucial aspects taken care of by routing data packets off the routes that are generally busy as sending data through those routes will only put our data at risk of getting lost.
Disadvantages of Routing
Every type of routing comes with some pros and cons here are some of the disadvantages for specific types of routing :
- Static Routing: This type of routing is appropriate only for smaller network where the network administrator has an accurate view of the network & good knowledge of topology else it might raise some security concerns and complex configuration issues.
- Dynamic Routing: Everything is done automatically by the algorithms, providing less control over the network that may not be suitable for every kind of network. It is also computationally expensive and consumes more bandwidth.
- Default Routing: The path on which the packets are to be transmitted by default is configurable but can be a complex procedure if not defined clearly.
Conclusion
Routing is a fundamental concept in computer science that allows every network device across the world to share data with each other across internet.
- Shortest path is selected by the routing algorithms when routing a data packet.
- Routing Algorithms select the shortest path based on metrics like – hop count, delay, bandwidth etc.
- The core network device used in routing is router. Routes are stored in a logical data structure called – ‘Routing Table‘
FAQs on Routing
Q.1: What is routing examples?
Answer:
Traffic in a road system is an example of routing, in which driver picks a selected path that reduce their travel time.
Q2. How does a router work?
Answer:
Routes examines the IP in the header of every data packet received and if it belongs to it then it keeps the data packet else it re-routes it to other router based on some metrics.
Q3. What is a Default Gateway?
Answer:
Default gateway is simply a router or another network device that allows the host to connect with other networks outside its local network. It is a crucial component for internetwork communication.