Let’s say you are owning a small technological company and you need to get the machines set up in a way that it’s correct and as it should be. This might have you installing core software packages, copying over and tweaking system config files or getting involved in system settings just to name a few of the many things you have to do. Now, you may choose to do this all by manual as you may do it one by one for each individual server, but are you willing to sacrifice your time or be patient enough to do such a mind-boggling task? Healthcare or nursing education can be truly hard work!
And at this stage the thing called Ansible is a technical powerhouse that comes to rescue here. In other words, Ansible allows you to automate your boring setup tasks by writing playbooks, which are just files containing some custom-written command-lines and other instructions. Playbacks are similar to cookbook, the only difference is that in the book the ingredients and the steps to make the good recipe are listed but you’re providing your servers team with step-by-step instructions of what you want them to do.
What Is Ansible?
Ansible playbooks are like small packets of instructions where the playbooks themselves are notifying Ansible to execute on one or more servers or devices. They are written in YAML syntax, which is YAML syntax was created to be a simple and human-readable data format. The playbook can include one or a combination of plays. Every play specifies a set of hosts that are the servers/A devices in which the tasks within a particular play should be carried out. For example, a hacker can concentrate on web servers. However, the next hacker may pursue another target, that is, database servers.
Every play internally features tasks, which basically is the set of those specific actions or operations you expect Ansible to run on your hosts. Day-to-day tasks include packages installation, creating/editing files and folders, operation of the services (starting and stopping), and command or script execution, files copying mostly.
The main operations are absent, which are available in Ansible modules. Users can use those modules for management or working with services like web servers.
A Step-By-Step Guide On Writing Playbook With Variables And Templates In Ansible
Step 1: Installing Ansible
- To start writing the playbooks, first of all install Ansible on a control machine you have. In your case, it will either be your local machine or a server that you keep consecrated.
- Ensure there is a directory that will be responsible for the storage of your playbooks.
- The installation of Ansible can be carried out by running the command for the latest release from the official page of Ansible. Installing Ansible
Step 2: Set Up The Inventory File
The name this new file is to be known as is inventory and you will add the IP addresses or hostnames of the target machines you want to use to execute the playbook. For example:
[webservers]
203.0.113.10
Step 2: Create A Variables File
- Variables in Ansible have a wide area of definition, regardless of whether they are directly in the playbook, or are defined in separate files.
- We can have variables alone on one file apart. Create a new file called vars.yml with the following content:
http_port: 8080
max_clients: 200
Step 3: Create a Template File
- Schemas provide a way of generating configuration files dynamically under the wave of variables.
- Create a new file called httpd.conf.j2 with the following
# This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file.
#
Listen {{ http_port }}
MaxClients {{ max_clients }}
# ... other configuration options ...
- The following screenshot illustrates on defining the template file.
Step 4: Create The Playbook
- Now, create a new file called apache.yml for your Ansible playbook:
---
- hosts: webservers
vars_files:
- vars.yml
tasks:
- name: Install Apache
yum:
name: httpd
state: present
- name: Configure Apache
template:
src: httpd.conf.j2
dest: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify:
- restart apache
handlers:
- name: restart apache
service:
name: httpd
state: restarted
In this playbook:
- hosts indicates destinations for the tasks, i.e. webservers to be executed.
- vars_files is the namespace with the parent directory docs with the file vars.yml in it containing the variables as they are.
- tasks is a list of tasks to be executed on the target hosts:tasks is a list of tasks to be executed on the target hosts:
- The first job uses the yum module to bring the package Apache.
- As the next stage, the template module copies the httpd.conf.j2 template to the server-side destination /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf and the httpd.conf file on the destination hosts. This command line repo also tells the restart apache handler as soon as a change is observed.
- handlers, in particular, encapsulate an action of the Apache service restart when the Configure Apache task provides real time feedback.
Step 5: Execute The Playbook
- Run the Ansible playbook using the ansible-playbook command:
ansible-playbook -i inventory apache.yml
- This command will execute the tasks defined in the apache.yml playbook on the hosts specified in the inventory file.
Step 6: Verify The Results
- This is done immediately after implementing the playbook, when you can see the edited state of the target devices.
- For instance, checking the /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf for the updated Apache configuration file on the target hosts is recommended so that the directives such as Listen and MaxClients, which have the values from the vars.yml file put in, are updated accordingly.
- Finally, by referring to these steps, you have created and implemented an Ansible playbook which may access information by names defined in vars.yml file and apache’s configuration file made of the template called httpd.conf.j2.
Advantages Of Variables And Templates In Ansible
The following are the advantages of Variables In Ansible:
- Reusability: The benefit of variables is the fact that you can only define the values once and use them repeatedly throughout Ansible, thus eliminating the need to write the same thing over and over again.
- Centralized Management: You can deposit the variables (e.g., from a central location such as variable files, inventories or roles) and access them via multiple playbooks and task where it can help you to keep it updated and managed easily.
- Consistency: When you use variables, each time you want to have a particular value, you do not use the coding manually instead, you have rest assured that all the block codes you have use the same or consistent value.
- Flexibility: You can store different types of information using variables, for example, a text strings, a number, a list, or a dictionary thus giving you an opportunity to represent a complex configuration.
Advantages Of Templates In Ansible
The following are the advantages of templates in Ansible:
- Dynamic File Generation: Templates enable you to make a new file (such as configuration file and installation script) by replacing placeholders with the variable values that is relevant to the case, hence you don’t need to do the editing manually.
- Reusability: Non-duplicated code could be reused via a given template to generate multiple files for various servers or environments, thus reducing the duplicated code.
- Readability: Templates split the content that will not change, leaving just the dynamic parts in the config files, which makes the later more readable and straight forward.
- Separation Of Concerns: The templates tend to be their key to separating the construction philosophy (how the file should be structured) and the configurable values (variable values) in favor of structural and structured programming.
Disadvantages Of Variables And Templates In Ansible
The following are the disadvantages of Variable in Ansible:
- Complexity: As the number of variables increases, studying and understanding their interconnections and the dependencies among many will likely get more complicated, especially when these occur in a large-scale setting.
- Scope Issues: In the procedure, a variable may have different scopes (e.g., a global level or a play level or a host level or a task level) and misunderstanding the rule of the variable precedence can lead to the result which is not expected or to a conflict.
- Security Concerns: Any sensitive data such as passwords or API keys stored in plaintext variables makes the system prone to hacking once the codes are available publicly.
- Debugging Challenges: Often time when an error is attributable to an unpredictable variable, tracking its origin can be a problem.
Disadvantages Of Templates In Ansible
- Learning Curve: Even though templates are efficient, the template commonsense and logic often stay to learn and in fact it can be even difficult for complex iterations that include conditional statements and loops.
- Performance Overhead: Inherence of templates independently comes with the added overhead of performance which gets rampant especially when there is a complex or large set of templates to display or to generate a large number of files.
- Debugging Complexity: Troubleshooting within templates is a challenge at times since the result after rendering may be different from the source code whereas in another case, it is much easier to find and rectify twists and corners in the path of least resistance.
- Dependency Management: The use of templates with references to other data source files or variables defined in other files may lead to a more sophisticated difficulty of dependency management later on.
- Version control challenges: Template itself may be version controlled, but monitoring the differences of the rendered output files, especially the files containing binary contents and the large configuration sets may be more complicated.
Therefore, it is critical to carefully evaluate the disadvantages of employing of variables and templates and consider if the advantages outweigh these disadvantages in Ansible. The strategic planning, document organization and observing best practices help to weed out some the challenges and deliver a seamless and well-oiled Ansible system.
Conclusion
Although Ansible offers a set of variables (that influence the general operations) and templates (those are similar to Google Docs), their effect on the management of infrastructure can be considered as a strong point of such tool. By harnessing variables, you can consolidate and reuse configuration data, define consistency, as well as separate concerns accordingly to enable a more modular and maintainable Ansible code. While forms help you make editable files that can be tailored to meet different requirements by adjusting property values, templates facilitate the creation of dynamic files that can be customized by various customer input, thus reducing time consumption and encouraging code reuse. However, they are not without their downside as they can be complex to implement, having security issues to be dealt with, for debugging to be done and the overhead of performance to be managed. Though, the challenges of getting the job done properly in many cases can be alleviated once there is appropriate planning, documentation and adherence to the best practices.
Ansible Variables And Templates – FAQ’s
How Can I Define Variables In Ansible?
Variables can be defined in various places in Ansible, such as inventory files, playbooks, roles, or variable files (e.g., vars/main.yml). You can also set variables using the command line or environment variables.
What Is The Difference Between Jinja2 Templates And Ansible Templates?
Ansible templates are based on the Jinja2 templating engine, but they are specifically designed for use within Ansible. Ansible templates provide additional features and filters tailored for Ansible workflows.
Can I Use Conditionals And Loops In Ansible Templates?
Yes, Ansible templates support conditionals (using {% if %}…{% endif %}) and loops (using {% for %}…{% endfor %}) based on the Jinja2 syntax. This allows you to create more complex and dynamic configurations.
How Can I Access Variables Within An Ansible Template?
You can access variables within an Ansible template using the double curly brace syntax, e.g., {{ variable_name }}. This will insert the value of the variable at that location in the rendered template.
Is It Possible To Include Other Files Or Templates Within An Ansible Template?
Yes, Ansible provides several ways to include other files or templates within a template. You can use the {% include %} statement to include the contents of another file, or {% import %} to import macros or variables from another file.