Prerequisite – Introduction and Classful Addressing, Classless Addressing
Given a valid IPv4 address in the form of a string. The task is to determine the class of the given IPv4 address as well as separate Network and Host ID parts from it.
IPv4 address:
Every host and router on the internet has an IP address that encodes its network number and host number, a combination of the two is unique. An IP address does not actually refer to a host but refers to a network interface, so if the host is on two networks, it must have two IP addresses.
Default Mask:
An address mask determines which portion of an IP address represents network number and which part represents host number, e.g., IP address, the mask has four octets. If a given bit of the mask is 1, the corresponding bit of the IP address is the in-network portion and if the given bit of the mask is 0, the corresponding bit of the IP address is in the host portion.
CIDR:
Classless Inter-Domain Routing uses slash(/) notation to specify the mask with IPv4 address. The address is given as x.y.z.t/n where x.y.z.t is the IP address and n is the number of 1’s in the default mask.
Network address:
The first address of a network is a network address. It is obtained by ANDing the mask with the IP address (Both in binary form). Another method is to set the last 32-n bits of the IP address to 0.
Broadcast address:
The last address of a network is a broadcast address. It is obtained by ORing the complement mask with the IP address(Both in binary form). Another method is to set the last 32-n bits of the IP address to 1.
Class:
The class of an address is identified by the first byte of the address. There are currently five classes A, B, C, D, and E. The range of the first byte of each class is:
Class A: 0 - 127 Class B: 128 - 191 Class C: 192 - 223 Class D: 224 - 239 Class E: 240 - 255
Example-1:
CIDR: 192.168.32.1/24(x.y.z.t/n) IP Address(Binary): 11000000101010000010000000000001 Default Mask(Binary): 11111111111111111111111100000000 Default Mask: 255.255.255.0 32-n=32-24=8 First Address: Set last 8 bits of IP address to 0 = 11000000101010000010000000000000 = 192.168.32.0 Last Address: Set last 8 bits of IP address to 1 = 11000000101010000010000011111111 = 192.168.32.255
Example-2:
CIDR: 205.15.37.39/28(x.y.z.t/n) IP Address(Binary): 11001101000011110010010100100111 Default Mask(Binary): 11111111111111111111111111110000 Default Mask: 255.255.255.240 32-n=32-28=4 First Address: Set last 4 bits of IP address to 0 = 11001101000011110010010100100000 = 205.15.37.32 Last Address: Set last 4 bits of IP address to 1 = 11001101000011110010010100101111 = 205.15.37.47
Implementation:
The following code uses the concepts mentioned above:
#include <iostream> #include <string.h> #include <stack> #include <vector> #include <math.h> using namespace std;
// Converts IP address to the binary form
vector< int > bina(vector<string> str)
{
vector< int > re(32,0);
int a, b, c, d, i, rem;
a = b = c = d = 1;
stack< int > st;
// Separate each number of the IP address
a = stoi(str[0]);
b = stoi(str[1]);
c = stoi(str[2]);
d = stoi(str[3]);
// convert first number to binary
for (i = 0; i <= 7; i++)
{
rem = a % 2;
st.push(rem);
a = a / 2;
}
// Obtain First octet
for (i = 0; i <= 7; i++) {
re[i] = st.top();
st.pop();
}
// convert second number to binary
for (i = 8; i <= 15; i++) {
rem = b % 2;
st.push(rem);
b = b / 2;
}
// Obtain Second octet
for (i = 8; i <= 15; i++) {
re[i] = st.top();
st.pop();
}
// convert Third number to binary
for (i = 16; i <= 23; i++) {
rem = c % 2;
st.push(rem);
c = c / 2;
}
// Obtain Third octet
for (i = 16; i <= 23; i++) {
re[i] = st.top();
st.pop();
}
// convert fourth number to binary
for (i = 24; i <= 31; i++) {
rem = d % 2;
st.push(rem);
d = d / 2;
}
// Obtain Fourth octet
for (i = 24; i <= 31; i++) {
re[i] = st.top();
st.pop();
}
return (re);
}
// cls returns class of given IP address
char cls(vector<string> str)
{
int a = stoi(str[0]);
if (a >= 0 && a <= 127)
return ( 'A' );
else if (a >= 128 && a <= 191)
return ( 'B' );
else if (a >= 192 && a <= 223)
return ( 'C' );
else if (a >= 224 && a <= 239)
return ( 'D' );
else
return ( 'E' );
}
// Converts IP address
// from binary to decimal form
vector< int > deci(vector< int > bi)
{
vector< int > arr(4,0);
int a, b, c, d, i, j;
a = b = c = d = 0;
j = 7;
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
a = a + ( int )( pow (2, j)) * bi[i];
j--;
}
j = 7;
for (i = 8; i < 16; i++) {
b = b + bi[i] * ( int )( pow (2, j));
j--;
}
j = 7;
for (i = 16; i < 24; i++) {
c = c + bi[i] * ( int )( pow (2, j));
j--;
}
j = 7;
for (i = 24; i < 32; i++) {
d = d + bi[i] * ( int )( pow (2, j));
j--;
}
arr[0] = a;
arr[1] = b;
arr[2] = c;
arr[3] = d;
return arr;
}
int main()
{
string ipr = "192.168.1.1/24" ;
// You can take user input here
// instead of using default address
// Ask user to enter IP address of form(x.y.z.t/n)
cout<< "IP address CIDR format is:" << ipr;
// Separate IP address and n
string str1 = "" ;
int idx = 0;
int len = ipr.size();
len -= 3;
while (len--){
str1 += ipr[idx];
idx++;
}
cout<<endl;
cout<< "IP Address : " <<str1<<endl;
string str2 = "" ;
idx++;
str2 += ipr[idx];
idx++;
str2 += ipr[idx];
cout<< "Value of n : " << str2<<endl;
// IP address
string tr = str1;
// Split IP address into 4 subparts x, y, z, t
//str = tr.split("\\.");
vector<string> str;
string temp;
int n = tr.size();
for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++){
if (tr[i] >= 48 && tr[i] <= 57)
temp +=tr[i];
else {
str.push_back(temp);
temp = "" ;
}
}
str.push_back(temp);
//cout<<str[0]<<endl<<str[1]<<endl<<str[2]<<endl<<str[3]<<endl;
vector< int > b;
cout<<endl;
// Convert IP address to binary form
b = bina(str);
n = stoi(str2);
vector< int > ntwk(32,0);
vector< int > brd(32,0);
int t = 32 - n;
// Obtaining network address
for ( int i = 0; i <= (31 - t); i++) {
ntwk[i] = b[i];
brd[i] = b[i];
}
// Set 32-n bits to 0
for ( int i = 31; i > (31 - t); i--) {
ntwk[i] = 0;
}
// Obtaining Broadcast address
// by setting 32-n bits to 1
for ( int i = 31; i > (31 - t); i--) {
brd[i] = 1;
}
cout<<endl;
// Obtaining class of Address
char c = cls(str);
cout<< "Class : " << c << endl;
// Converting network address to decimal
vector< int > nt = deci(ntwk);
// Converting broadcast address to decimal
vector< int > br = deci(brd);
// Printing in dotted decimal format
cout<< "First Address : " << nt[0] << "." <<nt[1] << "." << nt[2] << "." << nt[3]<<endl;
// Printing in dotted decimal format
cout<< "Last Address : " <<br[0] << "." <<br[1] << "." << br[2] << "." << br[3] << endl;
//Printing Number of Addresses in Block
cout<< "Total Number of Addresses :" <<br[3]-nt[3]+1<<endl;
return 0;
} |
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.lang.Math;
class Ip {
// Converts IP address to the binary form
public static int [] bina(String[] str)
{
int re[] = new int [ 32 ];
int a, b, c, d, i, rem;
a = b = c = d = 1 ;
Stack<Integer> st = new Stack<Integer>();
// Separate each number of the IP address
if (str != null )
{
a = Integer.parseInt(str[ 0 ]);
b = Integer.parseInt(str[ 1 ]);
c = Integer.parseInt(str[ 2 ]);
d = Integer.parseInt(str[ 3 ]);
}
// convert first number to binary
for (i = 0 ; i <= 7 ; i++)
{
rem = a % 2 ;
st.push(rem);
a = a / 2 ;
}
// Obtain First octet
for (i = 0 ; i <= 7 ; i++) {
re[i] = st.pop();
}
// convert second number to binary
for (i = 8 ; i <= 15 ; i++) {
rem = b % 2 ;
st.push(rem);
b = b / 2 ;
}
// Obtain Second octet
for (i = 8 ; i <= 15 ; i++) {
re[i] = st.pop();
}
// convert Third number to binary
for (i = 16 ; i <= 23 ; i++) {
rem = c % 2 ;
st.push(rem);
c = c / 2 ;
}
// Obtain Third octet
for (i = 16 ; i <= 23 ; i++) {
re[i] = st.pop();
}
// convert fourth number to binary
for (i = 24 ; i <= 31 ; i++) {
rem = d % 2 ;
st.push(rem);
d = d / 2 ;
}
// Obtain Fourth octet
for (i = 24 ; i <= 31 ; i++) {
re[i] = st.pop();
}
return (re);
}
// cls returns class of given IP address
public static char cls(String[] str)
{
int a = Integer.parseInt(str[ 0 ]);
if (a >= 0 && a <= 127 )
return ( 'A' );
else if (a >= 128 && a <= 191 )
return ( 'B' );
else if (a >= 192 && a <= 223 )
return ( 'C' );
else if (a >= 224 && a <= 239 )
return ( 'D' );
else
return ( 'E' );
}
// Converts IP address
// from binary to decimal form
public static int [] deci( int [] bi)
{
int [] arr = new int [ 4 ];
int a, b, c, d, i, j;
a = b = c = d = 0 ;
j = 7 ;
for (i = 0 ; i < 8 ; i++) {
a = a + ( int )(Math.pow( 2 , j)) * bi[i];
j--;
}
j = 7 ;
for (i = 8 ; i < 16 ; i++) {
b = b + bi[i] * ( int )(Math.pow( 2 , j));
j--;
}
j = 7 ;
for (i = 16 ; i < 24 ; i++) {
c = c + bi[i] * ( int )(Math.pow( 2 , j));
j--;
}
j = 7 ;
for (i = 24 ; i < 32 ; i++) {
d = d + bi[i] * ( int )(Math.pow( 2 , j));
j--;
}
arr[ 0 ] = a;
arr[ 1 ] = b;
arr[ 2 ] = c;
arr[ 3 ] = d;
return arr;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i;
String[] str = new String[ 4 ];
String ipr = "192.168.1.1/24" ;
// You can take user input here
// instead of using default address
// Ask user to enter IP address of form(x.y.z.t/n)
System.out.println( "IP address CIDR format is:" + ipr);
// Separate IP address and n
String[] str1 = ipr.split( "/" );
// IP address
String tr = str1[ 0 ];
// Split IP address into 4 subparts x, y, z, t
str = tr.split( "\\." );
int [] b = new int [ 32 ];
System.out.println();
// Convert IP address to binary form
b = bina(str);
int n = Integer.parseInt(str1[ 1 ]);
int [] ntwk = new int [ 32 ];
int [] brd = new int [ 32 ];
int t = 32 - n;
// Obtaining network address
for (i = 0 ; i <= ( 31 - t); i++) {
ntwk[i] = b[i];
brd[i] = b[i];
}
// Set 32-n bits to 0
for (i = 31 ; i > ( 31 - t); i--) {
ntwk[i] = 0 ;
}
// Obtaining Broadcast address
// by setting 32-n bits to 1
for (i = 31 ; i > ( 31 - t); i--) {
brd[i] = 1 ;
}
System.out.println();
// Obtaining class of Address
char c = cls(str);
System.out.println( "Class : " + c);
// Converting network address to decimal
int [] nt = deci(ntwk);
// Converting broadcast address to decimal
int [] br = deci(brd);
// Printing in dotted decimal format
System.out.println( "Network Address : " + nt[ 0 ]
+ "." + nt[ 1 ] + "." + nt[ 2 ] + "." + nt[ 3 ]);
// Printing in dotted decimal format
System.out.println( "Broadcast Address : "
+ br[ 0 ] + "." + br[ 1 ] + "." + br[ 2 ] + "." + br[ 3 ]);
}
} |
Output:
IP address CIDR format is:192.168.1.1/24 Class : C Network Address : 192.168.1.0 Broadcast Address : 192.168.1.255