Types of Synthetic Fibers

Synthetic fibers are man-made fibers accounting for about half of the total fiber usage. They are composed of small molecules originating from synthesized polymers. The compounds forming these fibers are derived from raw materials such as petroleum-based chemicals or petrochemicals. The polymerization process turns these raw materials into a chemical bonding two adjacent carbon atoms. Differing synthetic fibers are formed from a variety of chemical compounds.

Types of Synthetic Fibers

Synthetic fibers find their applications in fiber and textile technology. The major dominant synthetic fibers are — nylon, polyester, acrylic, and poly olefin, which account for about 98 percent by volume of synthetic fiber production. 60 percent accountability is handed over to polyester alone. Most of these fibers are recognized as potentially valuable commercial products. 

The following flowchart shows the classification of synthetic fibers:

Rayon

Rayon, also known as Regenerated Cellulose is the oldest obtained man-made fiber. It is derived primarily from purified cellulose, obtained from the wood pulp. This pulp is chemically converted into cellulose acetate, which makes the fiber easily soluble in solvents. Owing its source to naturally occurring polymers, it is sometimes also termed as semi-synthetic fiber. 

There are largely different types of rayon, which include:

• Viscose
• Modal
• Lyocell
• Bamberg

These varieties vary in their respective manufacturing processes along with the properties of the finished product.

In the case of saponified cellulose acetate – The following steps account for the complete procedure : 

1. Initially, to increase the reactivity, cellulose is first treated with glacial acetic acid.

2. Acetylation with an excess of glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride with sulphuric acid is performed. 

3. De-acetylation of cellulose acetate is performed, next in the sequence by sodium hydroxide saponification under controlled conditions. During this process, the fiber was termed as Fortisan, which is now renamed Rayon, which is considered to be a truly regenerated cellulose filament.

In the case of Viscose Rayon – The following steps account for the complete procedure : 

1. Reaction of cellulose with sodium hydroxide is used to produce alkali cellulose. 

2. It is then subjected to a reaction with carbon disulfide (CS₂) to convert it to cellulose xanthate.

3. This solution is dissolved in dilute sodium hydroxide and then extruded through spinnerets into an acid bath. This process is known as wet spinning. This fiber is termed, Viscose Rayon.

Since only 15 percent of the hydrogen of the cellulose hydroxyl groups is substituted, therefore, this variant of the fiber has excellent water absorbency.

Viscose Rayon Fiber Properties
Tensile Strength	Fair
Abrasion Resistance	Fair
Absorbency	Excellent
Static Resistance	Excellent
Heat Resistance	Good
Wrinkle Resistance	Poor
Resistance to Sunlight	Fair
Elasticity	Poor
Flame Resistance	Flame Resistant
Resilience	Poor

In the case of Bamberg – The following steps account for the complete procedure : 

1. Initially, cellulose is dissolved in cupric ammonium hydroxide (ammoniacal copper oxide solution). 

2. It is then dissolved and then extruded in an acid bath to coagulate the fiber. Because of its similar properties, the fiber is termed Bamberg silk. 

Properties of Rayon Fibers – Rayon is a versatile fiber, displaying a variety of properties : 

• Displays the comfort equivalent to the natural fibers. Soft and cool and also displays good absorbent properties to protect the body in hot and humid climates.
• Replicates the look and texture alike to natural fibers, that is, silk, cotton, and wool.
• Can be easily dyed in a range of colors.
• Good durability and can be machine washed. For example – HWM rayon
• Recommended for dry cleaning purposes only.
• The very lower elastic recovery of any fiber.

Advantages of Rayon fiber

• Inexpensive despite its luxurious feel
• Drapes well.
• Easy to blend with other fibers
• Long elongation.
• Highly water absorbent.
• Great strength.
• Can be easily dyed in different colors.

Disadvantages

• Breaks on exposure to light or moisture.
• Shrinks on being washed have to be dry-cleaned.
• May be damaged while ironing.
• Non-careful chemical handling may lead to damage to the environment and the workers.

Nylon

Nylon is the most useful synthetic material with applications varying from daily life activities to industries. It is a plastic that can be drawn into fibers or molded into daily products for making amenities. We can live our entire life with nylon on our side. You hop across the nylon carpet to the kitchen, eat your breakfast on a nylon bowl after cleaning your teeth with a toothbrush whose bristles are made of nylon. A nylon umbrella over your head is used to move out of the house in heavy sunlight or to keep out of the rain.

The chemistry behind the making of Nylon

Nylons are also known as copolymers, are basically condensation polymers. They are formed by reacting dysfunctional monomers containing equal parts of amine and carboxylic acid. The amides are obtained at both the ends of each constituent monomer. In most cases, nylons are made by reacting a dicarboxylic acid with a diamine (e.g. PA66). In this case, each repeating unit is a monomer, which is alternating in nature (similar to the ABAB polyester structure). The presence of the same reactive group on both ends support has overall directionality: C terminal → N terminal. It is a kind of copolymer, which offers a contrast to the polyamide proteins. Nylons may even be formed by the reaction of lactam or amino acid with itself (e.g. PA6). In this scenario, the repeating unit corresponds to the single monomer, denoted by the AA.

Properties of Nylon – 

• Strong and lightweight.
• Little water absorbency. Therefore, the apparel is easily washed and dried.
• Not attacked by moths and ordinary chemicals.
• High durability and high abrasion resistance.
• Wrinkle resistant.
• High tensile strength.

Uses of Nylon – 

• Good strength fiber – Used for manufacturing fishing nets, ropes, and type cords.
• It is used for making fabrics in the textile industry.
• Crinkled nylon fibers are used for making elastic hosiery.
• Nylon is widely used as plastic for making machine parts.

Advantages of Nylon:

• High mechanical strength
  • The nylon fabric offers good toughness as well as high tensile and compressive strength. This fabric offers tensile strength and compressive strength in comparison to that of the metal.
  • Great ability to absorb shock and stress vibration.
• Outstanding fatigue resistance
  • The fabric can retain its original mechanical strength even after repeated inflections.
• High softening point and heat resistance (such as nylon 46, etc.) and high crystaline nylon have high heat distortion temperature and can be used at 150 degrees for a long time. After PA66 is reinforced with glass fiber, its heat distortion temperature reaches above 250 degrees).
• Smooth surface
  • It has a small friction coefficient and wears resistance.
  • It is self-lubricating when used as a movable mechanical component. It can be used without lubricant when the friction is not at a very high level.
• Corrosion resistance
  • Highly resistant to alkali and most salt solutions.
  • Non-resistant to strong acids and oxidants.
  • Can withstand the erosion of gasoline, oil, fat, and alcohol.

Disadvantages of nylon:

• Poor water absorption
• Poor dimensional stability.
• Poor heat resistance.
• Poor low-temperature resistance.
• Poor antistatic property.

Polyester

Polyester is a polymer category that contains the ester functional group in every repeat unit of their main chain. These fibers along with natural fibers are spun together as a single unit to produce a cloth with blended properties. It is most commonly referred to as a polyethylene terephthalate (PET). These are mainly considered as naturally occurring chemicals, in both plants as well insects. It also includes synthetic materials such as polybutyrate. 

Synthetic polyesters are most commonly used in making apparel. An amalgamation of polyester and, soft cotton to form blends is considered to be strong, wrinkle- and tear-resistant, and reduce shrinking. Synthetic fibers that use polyester have high water, wind, and environmental resistance in comparison to plant-derived fibers. They are considered to be less fire-resistant and can also melt when ignited.

Some liquid crystal polymers are among are liquid crystaline polyester. Their characteristic properties are mechanical properties and heat resistance. They are used mainly in the form of an abatable seal in jet engines.

Classification of Polyester

Polyester can further be classified into two categories, that is — Terylene and PET.

Terylene	PET
An artificial polyester fiber. It can be easily minutely which in turn can be further woven like any other yarn. This in accompany	A semi-crystalline thermo-plastic polyester. This is a strong  lightweight clear and hence finds use in
Manufactured by polymerizing ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.	Manufactured from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid with Polyethylene terephthalate.
Used primarily for making apparel, since it can be easily drawn into fine quality fibers. Along with cotton called Terrycot, it is used to make clothes like sarees and many items like ropes, sheets, sails.	Used primarily for packaging foods and beverages like salad dressings, cooking oils, shampoo, liquid soap, window cleaner, tennis balls, soft drinks, juice, and water.

Characteristics of Polyester

• Durable and resistant to many chemicals
• Lightweight yet strong
• Easy to handle
• Can be washed and dried at home easily.
• Can be easily dyed
• Retains shape very well.
• Resistant to shrinking, wrinkling, abrasions, and stretching.

Uses of Polyester Fiber – The polyester fiber finds its usage in the following applications are,

• Polyesters used to make several types of apparel 
  • Shirts, jackets, pants, etc.
• Home furnishings 
  • Bedsheets and bedspreads,
  • Curtains, carpets, and pillows,
  • Upholstered furniture
• Industrial uses 
  • Polyester films for food packaging,
  • Capacitors,
  • Conveyor belts
  • Video and audiotapes,
  • Electrical insulators,
• Products like PET bottles, pianos, threads, sails and high-strength ropes are also manufactured from polyester fiber.

Advantages of Polyester

• Low Cost
• Versatility
• Heat Resistant
• Chemical as well as Mildew Resistant
• Weather Resistant, including resistance to UV/Light
• Moisture-Wicking
• Durability
• Elasticity
• Comfortable

Disadvantages of Polyester

• Lack of Breathability
• Holds odors
• Less Moisture Absorption
• Environmental and health implications
• Flammability
• Uncomfortable

Acrylic

Acrylic fabrics are synthesized from a synthetic polymer called acrylonitrile. Any authentic acrylic fiber fabric must contain at least 85% acrylonitrile. It may contain lesser amounts of synthetic compounds too. The fabric varies based on the content that acrylonitrile is mixed with. It is produced by the reaction of petroleum or coal-based chemicals with monomers. This implies that acrylic falls in the category of belonging to a fossil fuel-based fiber. 

Acrylic fabric finds its usage in heat-retention applications. It is also often used in athletic equipment, as in, tracksuits, hoodies, and athletic pants. However, the fiber is considered to be carcinogenic in nature, therefore, more contact is undesirable with this fiber. 

Acrylic fibers form a great cheaper alternative to natural wool. It is obtained from natural sources and is also more durable in comparison to natural wool. 

How is Acrylic Fabric Made?

Manufacture of acrylic is a sequence of the following steps : 

1. Polymerization
   The acrylonitrile polymer polyacrylonitrile is produced in a water-based solution using the radical polymerization technique.
2. Dissolving
   The polymer obtained is then dissolved in a chemical solvent producing a gel-like substance.
3. Extruding
   This substance is further extruded through a spinneret which results in the formation of acrylic fiber.
4. Wet or Dry Spinning
   The fibers obtained are coagulated in a solution of the same solvent. This technique is termed as wet spinning, of dry spinning. It generally uses evaporating the solvent with a stream of heated gas.
5. Washing and Stretching
   The fibers obtained are subjected to a sequence of steps, that is, washing, stretching, followed by crimping to make long and thin filaments that can be further spun into yarn.
6. Loading
   These are then loaded onto bobbins and then shipped to textile product manufacturers.
7. Weaving
   The manufacturers then weave the produced acrylic yarn into apparel or carpeting etc.

Acrylic Monomer

  CH = CH + HCN ⇢ -(CH₂ = CH – CN)
(Acetylene) (Hydrogen  Cyanide)        (Acrylonitrile)

After the reaction, we obtain the following result is: CH₂ = CH – CN

Acrylic Monomer

Characteristics of Acrylic Fiber – 

• It is lightweight, soft, and warm with a wool-like feel.
• Highly flexible. It retains its shape, resists shrinkage and wrinkles.
• It can be dyed very well.
• Acrylic fibers are strong and durable.
• Acrylic absorbs very little water, so it has quick-dry quality.
• Acrylic fibers are resistant to moths and most chemicals.

Uses of Acrylic Fiber –

• Provides a good alternative to other fibers, for instance, cotton.
• Some acrylic is used in clothing as a less expensive alternative to cashmere, due to the similar feeling of the materials.
• Acrylic fibers are used in Hand Knitting, Hosiery Garments, Upholstery, Blankets, carpets, etc.

Advantages:

• Lightweight and soft
• Warm and wool-like hand
• Can be dyed into different colors.
• Hypoallergenic and machine washable. Also enables quick drying.
• Resilient retains shape, resists shrinkage and wrinkles.
• Excellent pleat retention
• Resists moths, oil, chemicals

Disadvantages:

• Low absorbency
• Extremely heat-sensitive
• Weak
• Dissolved by acetone
• Fuzz or pill easily.

Sample Problems 

Problem 1: Why is polyester considered suitable for making apparel?  

Solution:

The polyester fiber fabrics don’t get wrinkled easily. These fabrics are crisp and also easy to wash. Therefore, it is extensively used in making apparel like dress materials. Terylene is a popular type of polyester, which can be easily drawn in very fine fibers which can be woven like any other yarn.

Problem 2: Explain some features of rayon. 

Solution: 

Some features of rayon are:

• Because of the silk-like properties, it is considered to be suitable to make apparel.
• It can be blended with cotton to make materials, like bedsheets and dress materials.
• It can be dyed into different colors.

Problem 3: Elaborate on the differences between nylon and rayon.

Solution:

Following are the differences between nylon and rayon are:

S. no.	Rayon	Nylon
1.	First synthetic fiber.	First truly synthetic fiber.
2.	Manufactured from wood pulp.	Manufactured from coal, water, and air.
3.	e.g. Curtains, bedsheets, etc.	e.g. Socks, rope, parachutes, etc.

Problem 4: How is artificial wool manufactured? 

Solution: 

Artificial wool is manufactured from a synthetic fiber called acrylic. Acrylic is preferred over natural wool The material obtained from natural sources is quite expensive whereas materials made from acrylic are relatively cheap. They are available in a variety of colors. Synthetic fibers are more durable and affordable which makes them more popular than natural fibers. 

Problem 5: How is rayon manufactured? 

Solution:

Rayon is a man-made fiber that is prepared by chemical treatment from a natural raw material termed cellulose. The cellulose to be used is obtained from the wooden pulp. This is converted to threads with the help of machines. These threads have extensive strength as well as shine. It is also known as synthetic or artificial silk.

Problem 6: ‘Manufacturing synthetic fibers help in the conservation of forests’. Comment.

Solution: 

Synthetic fibers are man-made fibers made obtained from petrochemicals. The manufacturing is dependent on the cutting of trees and doesn’t have to involve the killing of animals. Therefore, the forests can be conserved by manufacturing synthetic fibers.