Spatial Filtering technique is used directly on pixels of an image. Mask is usually considered to be added in size so that it has a specific center pixel. This mask is moved on the image such that the center of the mask traverses all image pixels.
In this article, we are going to cover the following topics –
- To write a program in Python to implement spatial domain averaging filter and to observe its blurring effect on the image without using inbuilt functions
- To write a program in Python to implement spatial domain median filter to remove salt and pepper noise without using inbuilt functions
Theory
- Neighborhood processing in spatial domain: Here, to modify one pixel, we consider values of the immediate neighboring pixels also. For this purpose, 3X3, 5X5, or 7X7 neighborhood mask can be considered. An example of a 3X3 mask is shown below.
f(x-1, y-1) f(x-1, y) f(x-1, y+1) f(x, y-1) f(x, y) f(x, y+1) f(x+1, y-1) f(x+1, y) f(x+1, y+1)
- Low Pass filtering: It is also known as the smoothing filter. It removes the high-frequency content from the image. It is also used to blur an image. A low pass averaging filter mask is as shown.
1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9 1/9
- High Pass Filtering: It eliminates low-frequency regions while retaining or enhancing the high-frequency components. A high pass filtering mask is as shown.
-1/9 -1/9 -1/9 -1/9 8/9 -1/9 -1/9 -1/9 -1/9
- Median Filtering: It is also known as nonlinear filtering. It is used to eliminate salt and pepper noise. Here the pixel value is replaced by the median value of the neighboring pixel.
Below is the implementation.
Input Image:
Averaging Filter:
Python3
# Low Pass SPatial Domain Filtering # to observe the blurring effect import cv2
import numpy as np
# Read the image img = cv2.imread('sample.png', 0)
# Obtain number of rows and columns # of the image m, n = img.shape
# Develop Averaging filter(3, 3) mask mask = np.ones([3, 3], dtype = int)
mask = mask / 9
# Convolve the 3X3 mask over the image img_new = np.zeros([m, n])
for i in range(1, m-1):
for j in range(1, n-1):
temp = img[i-1, j-1]*mask[0, 0]+img[i-1, j]*mask[0, 1]+img[i-1, j + 1]*mask[0, 2]+img[i, j-1]*mask[1, 0]+ img[i, j]*mask[1, 1]+img[i, j + 1]*mask[1, 2]+img[i + 1, j-1]*mask[2, 0]+img[i + 1, j]*mask[2, 1]+img[i + 1, j + 1]*mask[2, 2]
img_new[i, j]= temp
img_new = img_new.astype(np.uint8)
cv2.imwrite('blurred.tif', img_new)
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Output:
In the above example, it is observed that the filtered image is slightly blurred. If we increase the size of the averaging mask, more blurring can be obtained.
Median Filtering:
Python3
# Median Spatial Domain Filtering import cv2
import numpy as np
# Read the image img_noisy1 = cv2.imread('sample.png', 0)
# Obtain the number of rows and columns # of the image m, n = img_noisy1.shape
# Traverse the image. For every 3X3 area, # find the median of the pixels and # replace the center pixel by the median img_new1 = np.zeros([m, n])
for i in range(1, m-1):
for j in range(1, n-1):
temp = [img_noisy1[i-1, j-1],
img_noisy1[i-1, j],
img_noisy1[i-1, j + 1],
img_noisy1[i, j-1],
img_noisy1[i, j],
img_noisy1[i, j + 1],
img_noisy1[i + 1, j-1],
img_noisy1[i + 1, j],
img_noisy1[i + 1, j + 1]]
temp = sorted(temp)
img_new1[i, j]= temp[4]
img_new1 = img_new1.astype(np.uint8)
cv2.imwrite('new_median_filtered.png', img_new1)
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Output:
In the above example, we can see that the median filtered image is considerably enhanced with hardly any salt and pepper noise in it.