Minimum cost to reach the end of the array with maximum jumps of length K

Given an array arr[] of size N and an integer K, one can move from an index i to any other index j such that j ? i+k. The cost of being at any index ‘i‘, is arr[i]. The task is to find the minimum cost to reach the end of the array starting from index 0.

Examples:

Input : arr[] = {2, 4, 1, 6, 3}, K = 2
Output: 6
Explanation: Path can be taken as 2 -> 1-> 3 = 6

Input: arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, K = 3
Output: 10
Explanation: Path can be taken as 1->3->6 = 10

Naive Approach: The task can be solved using dynamic programming. Maintain a dp[] array where, where dp[i] indicates the minimum cost required to reach the ith index. Follow the below steps to solve the problem:

• Traverse all the K elements backward from the current element, & find the minimum dp value and add it to the current answer.
• So, calculating answer for ith index will be dp[i] = arr[i] + min(dp[j]  for all j  such that i-k <= j < i) .

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

//  C++ program for the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

//  Function to find the minimum jumps
int solve(vector<int>& arr, int K)
{
  int size = arr.size();
  vector<int> dp(size, 0);

  //  Initially only a single element
  dp[0] = arr[0];

  for (int idx = 1; idx < size; idx++) {

    //  At most k elements backwards
    int end = max(-1, idx - K - 1);
    int mini = INT_MAX;

    //  Find minimum among all the values
    for (int ptr = idx - 1; ptr > end; ptr--) {
      mini = min(mini, dp[ptr]);
    }
    dp[idx] = arr[idx] + mini;
  }

  //  Return cost to reach the
  //  last index of array
  return dp[size - 1];
}

//  Driver Code
int main()
{
  vector<int> arr = { 2, 4, 1, 6, 3 };
  int K = 2;

  int ans = solve(arr, K);
  cout << ans << "\n";
}

// This code is contributed by Taranpreet

Java

// Java program for the above approach
import java.io.*;
public class GFG {

  // Function to find the minimum jumps
  static int solve(int[] arr, int K) {
    int size = arr.length;
    int[] dp = new int[size];

    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
      dp[i] = 0;
    }

    // Initially only a single element
    dp[0] = arr[0];

    for (int idx = 1; idx < size; idx++) {

      // At most k elements backwards
      int end = Math.max(-1, idx - K - 1);
      int mini = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

      // Find minimum among all the values
      for (int ptr = idx - 1; ptr > end; ptr--) {
        mini = Math.min(mini, dp[ptr]);
      }
      dp[idx] = arr[idx] + mini;
    }

    // Return cost to reach the
    // last index of array
    return dp[size - 1];
  }

  // Driver Code
  public static void main(String args[]) {
    int[] arr = { 2, 4, 1, 6, 3 };
    int K = 2;

    int ans = solve(arr, K);
    System.out.println(ans);
  }
}

// This code is contributed by Saurabh Jaiswal

Python3

# Python program for the above approach

# Function to find the minimum jumps
def solve(arr, K):
    size = len(arr)
    dp = [0] * (size)

    # Initially only a single element
    dp[0] = arr[0]

    for idx in range(1, size, 1):

        # At most k elements backwards
        end = max(-1, idx - K - 1)
        mini = float('inf')

        # Find minimum among all the values
        for ptr in range(idx - 1, end, -1):
            mini = min(mini, dp[ptr])

        dp[idx] = arr[idx] + mini

    # Return cost to reach the
    # last index of array
    return (dp[-1])


# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    arr = [2, 4, 1, 6, 3]
    K = 2

    ans = solve(arr, K)
    print(ans)

C#

//  C# program for the above approach
using System;
class GFG
{

//  Function to find the minimum jumps
static int solve(int []arr, int K)
{
  int size = arr.Length;
  int []dp = new int[size];

  for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
    dp[i] = 0;
  }

  //  Initially only a single element
  dp[0] = arr[0];

  for (int idx = 1; idx < size; idx++) {

    //  At most k elements backwards
    int end = Math.Max(-1, idx - K - 1);
    int mini = Int32.MaxValue;

    //  Find minimum among all the values
    for (int ptr = idx - 1; ptr > end; ptr--) {
      mini = Math.Min(mini, dp[ptr]);
    }
    dp[idx] = arr[idx] + mini;
  }

  //  Return cost to reach the
  //  last index of array
  return dp[size - 1];
}

//  Driver Code
public static void Main()
{
  int []arr = { 2, 4, 1, 6, 3 };
  int K = 2;

  int ans = solve(arr, K);
  Console.WriteLine(ans);
}
}

// This code is contributed by Samim Hossain Mondal.

Javascript

<script>
      // JavaScript code for the above approach

      // Function to find the minimum jumps
      function solve(arr, K) {
          let size = arr.length
          let dp = new Array(size + 1).fill(0)

          // Initially only a single element
          dp[0] = arr[0]

          for (let idx = 1; idx < size; idx++) {

              // At most k elements backwards
              let end = Math.max(-1, idx - K - 1)
              let mini = Number.MAX_VALUE

              // Find minimum among all the values
              for (let ptr = idx - 1; ptr > end; ptr--)
                  mini = Math.min(mini, dp[ptr])

              dp[idx] = arr[idx] + mini
          }

          // Return cost to reach the
          // last index of array
          return dp[size - 1]

      }

      // Driver Code
      let arr = [2, 4, 1, 6, 3]
      let K = 2

      ans = solve(arr, K)
      document.write(ans)

     // This code is contributed by Potta Lokesh
  </script>

Output:

6

Time Complexity: O(N * K)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)

Efficient Approach: Instead of calculating the minimum cost for each index, use the sliding window approach. Use the sliding window of size K, such that the minimum element is always present at the front and sorted order is maintained. Follow the below steps to solve the problem:

• Initialize deque to hold the data, as it supports the efficient operation of popping elements from both front and backside.
• Insert the first element along with its index in the deque. The index is also inserted to track if any element is within the window limit of size K.
• Then, start looping from index 1 till the end of the array. For each index, remove all the elements from the front which are out of the current window size, i.e difference between indices > k.
• Calculate current_value as the summation of arr[i] and the first value of dequeue. Here the first value is added, because it is the smallest value in the current window.
• Then pop all the elements from the back from deque which has a value greater than or equal to current_value. This is done to maintain a sorted order in the deque.
• Finally return the last value in the deque, showing the cost to reach the last index of the array.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ program for the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Function to find the minimum jumps
int solve(int arr[], int K, int size)
{
  deque<pair<int, int> > ququ;

  // Insert index and value
  ququ.push_back({ 0, arr[0] });

  for (int i = 1; i < size; i++) {
    // Remove elements from front
    // which are out of curr_window size
    while ((ququ.size() > 0)
           && ((i - ququ.front().first) > K))
      ququ.pop_front();

    int curr_val = arr[i] + ququ.front().second;

    // Pop greater elements from back
    while ((ququ.size() > 0)
           && (curr_val <= ququ.back().second))
      ququ.pop_back();

    // Append index and curr_val
    ququ.push_back({ i, curr_val });
  }

  // Finally return last value
  // indicating cost to reach the last index
  return ququ.back().second;
}

// driver code
int main()
{
  int arr[] = { 2, 4, 1, 6, 3 };
  int K = 2;
  int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

  int ans = solve(arr, K, size);
  cout << ans << endl;
  return 0;
}

// This code is contributed by Palak Gupta

Java

import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;

// Java program for the above approach
class GFG{

  // Function to find the minimum jumps
  public static int solve(int arr[], int K, int size)
  {
    Deque<pair> ququ = new LinkedList<pair>();

    // Insert index and value
    ququ.addLast(new pair(0, arr[0]));

    for (int i = 1 ; i < size ; i++) {
      // Remove elements from front
      // which are out of curr_window size
      while ((ququ.size() > 0) && ((i - ququ.getFirst().x) > K))
        ququ.removeFirst();

      int curr_val = arr[i] + ququ.getFirst().y;

      // Pop greater elements from back
      while ((ququ.size() > 0) && (curr_val <= ququ.getLast().y))
        ququ.removeLast();

      // Append index and curr_val
      ququ.addLast(new pair(i, curr_val));
    }

    // Finally return last value
    // indicating cost to reach the last index
    return ququ.getLast().y;
  }

  // Driver code
  public static void main(String args[])
  {
    int arr[] = { 2, 4, 1, 6, 3 };
    int K = 2;
    int size = arr.length;

    int ans = solve(arr, K, size);
    System.out.println(ans);
  }
}

class pair{
  Integer x;
  Integer y;

  pair(int a,int b){
    this.x = a;
    this.y = b;
  }
}

// This code is contributed by subhamgoyal2014.

Python3

# Python program for the above approach
from collections import deque

# Function to find the minimum jumps
def solve(arr, K):
    size = len(arr)
    ququ = deque()

    # Insert index and value
    ququ.append((0, arr[0]))

    for i in range(1, size, 1):

        # Remove elements from front
        # which are out of curr_window size
        while(ququ and i - ququ[0][0] > K):
            ququ.popleft()

        curr_val = arr[i] + ququ[0][1]

        # Pop greater elements from back
        while(ququ and curr_val <= ququ[-1][1]):
            ququ.pop()

        # Append index and curr_val
        ququ.append((i, curr_val))

    # Finally return last value
    # indicating cost to reach the last index
    return ququ[-1][1]


# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    arr = [2, 4, 1, 6, 3]
    K = 2

    ans = solve(arr, K)
    print(ans)

C#

// C# program for the above approach


using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class GFG
{

    class pair
    {
        public int x, y;

        public pair(int a, int b)
        {
            this.x = a;
            this.y = b;
        }
    }

    // Function to find the minimum jumps
    public static int solve(int[] arr, int K, int size)
    {
        LinkedList<pair> ququ = new LinkedList<pair>();

        // Insert index and value
        ququ.AddLast(new pair(0, arr[0]));

        for (int i = 1; i < size; i++)
        {
            // Remove elements from front
            // which are out of curr_window size
            while ((ququ.Count > 0) && ((i - ququ.First.Value.x) > K))
                ququ.RemoveFirst();

            int curr_val = arr[i] + ququ.First.Value.y;

            // Pop greater elements from back
            while ((ququ.Count > 0) && (curr_val <= ququ.Last.Value.y))
                ququ.RemoveLast();

            // Append index and curr_val
            ququ.AddLast(new pair(i, curr_val));
        }

        // Finally return last value
        // indicating cost to reach the last index
        return ququ.Last.Value.y;
    }

    // Driver code
    public static void Main()
    {
        int[] arr = { 2, 4, 1, 6, 3 };
        int K = 2;
        int size = arr.Length;

        int ans = solve(arr, K, size);
        Console.Write(ans);
    }
}



// This code is contributed by Saurabh Jaiswal

Javascript

// Javascript program for the above approach

// Function to find the minimum jumps
function solve(arr, K, size)
{
ququ = [];

// Insert index and value
ququ.push({ "first" :0,
            "second" : arr[0] });

for (let i = 1; i < size; i++) {
    // Remove elements from front
    // which are out of curr_window size
    while ((ququ.length > 0)
        && ((i - ququ[0].first) > K))
    ququ.shift();

    let curr_val = arr[i] + ququ[0].second;

    // Pop greater elements from back
    while ((ququ.length > 0)
        && (curr_val <= ququ[ququ.length-1].second))
    ququ.pop();

    // Append index and curr_val
    ququ.push({"first" : i,
                "second" : curr_val });
}

// Finally return last value
// indicating cost to reach the last index
return ququ[ququ.length-1].second;
}

// driver code
let arr = [ 2, 4, 1, 6, 3 ];
let K = 2;
let size = arr.length;

let ans = solve(arr, K, size);
console.log(ans);

// This code is contributed by akashish__

Output

6

Time Complexity: O(N)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)