The PID (process identification number) is a serial number (starting from 1) given by the operating system to uniquely identify the process. Every process started either by the operating system or by the user gets a PID in order of their invocation by the kernel. If we start the same process several times, it will be assigned different PID numbers each time. Every process gets some memory allocated to it and CPU usage based on its priority.
Note: For a better understanding you can go through these Processes, Shell Function Library topics also.
The first process started by the kernel is the init process which consequently gets a process ID of 1. All the PIDs are visible/displayed in the process table.
The types of processes we see in the process table are:
- Foreground Processes: These processes are user dependent. If the foreground processes are run from the terminal, the shell prompt remains unavailable and will be available only when the foreground process is terminated or stopped.
- Background Processes: These processes are usually run independently from the user. If a background process is started from a terminal by the user, the shell prompt remains available. One must append & a symbol after the process name in the terminal to start it in the background.
- Daemon Processes: These are system processes started by the root and they keep running in the background until the system shuts down.
- Zombie Processes: These are dead/terminated processes that still exist in the process table and have a PID despite having no resources allocated to them.
Foreground Processes
- When we start a foreground process from the terminal, the shell prompt is unavailable to the user.
- To get back the shell prompt, press Ctrl+Z which sends a STOP signal to the process.
- The process stops and the shell prompt is now available to execute the commands to view the PID of that foreground process.
Start a foreground process say xlogo. Install it if it’s not present by:
sudo apt install x11-apps
1. ps command
The ps command prints the snapshot of processes currently running/paused by the shell. The first column gives us the PID and shows the command which started that particular process.
ps
2. jobs command
Although the jobs command shows us the jobspec of the process started by the terminal, combining it with option -l shows the PID as well.
jobs -l
3. pgrep command
The pgrep command only prints the PID of the process. The argument of this command is the process name whose PID we want to print.
pgrep [processName]
4. pidof command
The pidof command prints the PID of the processes. The argument should be the process name
pidof [processName]
Background Processes
- Some background processes are started in the shell by the user while some of them are by the kernel without any user intervention.
- To start a background process from the terminal, write the process name(if its address is not stored in the PATH variable, then you have to give its full absolute or relative address) and append the & symbol at the end.
$ process_name &
$ /full/path/to/process_name &
1. ps command
To view the processes in the background started by the terminal, write
ps
To view all processes regardless of what terminal (or no terminal) they are controlled by, use option -e
ps -e
We can pipe the output to grep to view the PID of specific processes.
ps -e | grep -i 'pattern'
To view the PIDs of processes started by a particular user
ps -u [user]
2. jobs command
jobs with option -l shows the PID of processes run by the terminal.
jobs -l
3. pgrep command
It prints only the PID of the process. The argument is the process name.
pgrep [processName]
To view the PIDs of processes started by a particular user
pgrep -u [user] [processName]
4. pidof command
The pidof command prints the PID of the processes. The argument should be the process name. It is similar to pidof command.
pidof [arg]
5. top command
The top command displays current processes in real-time. The PID of the processes is displayed as well.
top
Coupling the top command with option -u allows us to view processes started by a particular user.
top -u [user]
Conclusion
In this article we discussed about `ps` command in Linux which is used to show all processes, we also discussed few options available and understand about `jobs` which displays the PID of terminal-run processes, `pgrep` and `pidof` use to find the PID of specific processes, and `top` gives real-time process monitoring. Overall, we can say that these commands offer convenient ways to analyze and control background processes.