XOR linked list- Remove first node of the linked list

Given an XOR linked list, the task is to remove the first node of the XOR linked list.

Examples:

Input: XLL = 4 < – > 7 < – > 9 < – > 7 
Output: 7 < – > 9 < – > 7 
Explanation: Removing the first node of the XOR linked list modifies XLL to 7 < – > 9 < – > 7

Input: XLL = NULL 
Output: List Is Empty

Approach: The idea is to update the head node of the XOR linked list to the second node of the XOR linked list and delete memory allocated for the first node. Follow the steps below to solve the problem:

• Check if the XOR linked list is empty or not. If found to be true, then print “List Is Empty”.
• Otherwise, update the head node of the XOR linked list to the second node of the linked list.
• Delete the first node from memory.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C

// C program to implement
// the above approach
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// Structure of a node
// in XOR linked list
struct Node {

    // Stores data value
    // of a node
    int data;

    // Stores XOR of previous
    // pointer and next pointer
    struct Node* nxp;
};

// Function to find the XOR
// of address two nodes
struct Node* XOR(struct Node* a,
                 struct Node* b)
{
    return (struct Node*)((uintptr_t)(a) ^ (uintptr_t)(b));
}

// Function to insert a node with
// given value at given position
struct Node* insert(struct Node** head,
                    int value)
{

    // Check If XOR linked list
    // is empty
    if (*head == NULL) {

        // Initialize a new Node
        struct Node* node
            = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));

        // Stores data value in
        // the node
        node->data = value;

        // Stores XOR of previous
        // and next pointer
        node->nxp = XOR(NULL, NULL);

        // Update pointer of head node
        *head = node;
    }

    // If the XOR linked list
    // is not empty
    else {

        // Stores the address
        // of current node
        struct Node* curr = *head;

        // Stores the address
        // of previous node
        struct Node* prev = NULL;

        // Initialize a new Node
        struct Node* node
            = (struct Node*)malloc(
                sizeof(struct Node));

        // Update curr node address
        curr->nxp = XOR(node,
                        XOR(NULL, curr->nxp));

        // Update new node address
        node->nxp = XOR(NULL, curr);

        // Update head
        *head = node;

        // Update data value of
        // current node
        node->data = value;
    }
    return *head;
}

// Function to print elements of
// the XOR Linked List
void printList(struct Node** head)
{

    // Stores XOR pointer
    // in current node
    struct Node* curr = *head;

    // Stores XOR pointer of
    // in previous Node
    struct Node* prev = NULL;

    // Stores XOR pointer of
    // in next node
    struct Node* next;

    // Traverse XOR linked list
    while (curr != NULL) {

        // Print current node
        printf("%d ", curr->data);

        // Forward traversal
        next = XOR(prev, curr->nxp);

        // Update prev
        prev = curr;

        // Update curr
        curr = next;
    }
}

// Function to remove the first node from
// the given linked list
struct Node* delBeginning(struct Node** head)
{

    // If list is empty
    if (*head == NULL)
        printf("List Is Empty");
    else {

        // Store the node to be deleted
        struct Node* temp = *head;

        // Update the head pointer
        *head = XOR(NULL, temp->nxp);

        // When the linked list
        // contains only one node
        if (*head != NULL) {

            // Update head node address
            (*head)->nxp
                = XOR(NULL, XOR(temp,
                                (*head)->nxp));
        }

        free(temp);
    }
    return *head;
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{

    /* Create following XOR Linked List
    head-->40<-->30<-->20<-->10 */
    struct Node* head = NULL;
    insert(&head, 10);
    insert(&head, 20);
    insert(&head, 30);
    insert(&head, 40);

    // Delete the first node
    delBeginning(&head);

    /* Print the following XOR Linked List
    head-->30<-->20<-->10 */
    printList(&head);

    return (0);
}

C++

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

// Structure of a node in XOR linked list
struct Node {
    int data;
    struct Node* nxp;
};

// Function to find the XOR of address two nodes
struct Node* XOR(struct Node* a, struct Node* b)
{
    return (struct Node*)((uintptr_t)(a) ^ (uintptr_t)(b));
}

// Function to insert a node with given value at given position
struct Node* insert(struct Node** head, int value)
{

    // Check If XOR linked list is empty
    if (*head == NULL)
    {
        // Initialize a new Node
        struct Node* node = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));

        // Stores data value in the node
        node->data = value;

        // Stores XOR of previous and next pointer
        node->nxp = XOR(NULL, NULL);

        // Update pointer of head node
        *head = node;
    }

    // If the XOR linked list is not empty
    else
    {

        // Stores the address of current node
        struct Node* curr = *head;

        // Stores the address of previous node
        struct Node* prev = NULL;

        // Initialize a new Node
        struct Node* node = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));

        // Update curr node address
        curr->nxp = XOR(node, XOR(NULL, curr->nxp));

        // Update new node address
        node->nxp = XOR(NULL, curr);

        // Update head
        *head = node;

        // Update data value of current node
        node->data = value;
    }
    return *head;
}

// Function to print elements of the XOR Linked List
void printList(struct Node** head)
{

    // Stores XOR pointer in current node
    struct Node* curr = *head;

    // Stores XOR pointer of in previous Node
    struct Node* prev = NULL;

    // Stores XOR pointer of in next node
    struct Node* next;

    // Traverse XOR linked list
    while (curr != NULL)
    {

        // Print current node
        cout << curr->data << " ";

        // Forward traversal
        next = XOR(prev, curr->nxp);

        // Update prev
        prev = curr;

        // Update curr
        curr = next;
    }
}

// Function to remove the first node from the given linked list
struct Node* delBeginning(struct Node** head)
{

    // If list is empty
    if (*head == NULL)
       cout << "List Is Empty";
    else
    {

        // Store the node to be deleted
        struct Node* temp = *head;

        // Update the head pointer
        *head = XOR(NULL, temp->nxp);

        // When the linked list contains only one node
        if (*head != NULL)
        {

            // Update head node address
            (*head)->nxp = XOR(NULL, XOR(temp, (*head)->nxp));
        }
        free(temp);
    }
   return *head;
}

int main()
{

/* Create following XOR Linked List
head-->40<-->30<-->20<-->10 */
struct Node* head = NULL;
insert(&head, 10);
insert(&head, 20);
insert(&head, 30);
insert(&head, 40);

// Delete the first node
delBeginning(&head);

/* Print the following XOR Linked List
head-->30<-->20<-->10 */
printList(&head);

return (0);
}

// This code is contributed by lokeshpotta20.

Java

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

class Node {
    int data;
    int npx;

    Node(int data) {
        this.data = data;
        this.npx = 0;
    }
}

class XorLinkedList {
    Node head;
    Node[] nodes;

    XorLinkedList() {
        head = null;
        nodes = new Node[100]; // assuming 100 as max number of nodes
    }

    void insert(int data) {
        Node node = new Node(data);
        nodes[data - 1] = node; // assuming data starts from 1 and is unique
        if (head != null) {
            node.npx = getPointer(head);
            head.npx = getPointer(node) ^ head.npx;
        }
        head = node;
    }

    void removeHead() {
        if (head == null) {
            System.out.println("List Is Empty");
            return;
        }
        int nextNodeId = head.npx;
        if (nextNodeId != 0) {
            Node nextNode = dereferencePointer(nextNodeId);
            nextNode.npx ^= getPointer(head);
            nodes[head.data - 1] = null; // removing head node from nodes array
            head = nextNode;
        }
    }

    void printList() {
        Node current = head;
        int prevAddr = 0;

        while (current != null) {
            System.out.println(current.data);

            int nextAddr = prevAddr ^ current.npx;

            prevAddr = getPointer(current);
            current = dereferencePointer(nextAddr);
        }
    }

    int getPointer(Node node) {
        // Using System.identityHashCode to get a unique identifier for the node object
        return System.identityHashCode(node);
    }

    Node dereferencePointer(int address) {
        for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
            if (nodes[i] != null && getPointer(nodes[i]) == address) {
                return nodes[i];
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        XorLinkedList xll = new XorLinkedList();
        xll.insert(10);
        xll.insert(20);
        xll.insert(30);
        xll.insert(40);

        xll.removeHead();

        xll.printList();
    }
}

Python3

import ctypes


# Structure of a node in XOR linked list
class Node:

    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        self.npx = 0


# create linked list class
class XorLinkedList:

    # constructor
    def __init__(self):
        self.head = None
        self.tail = None
        self.__nodes = []


    # Function to insert a node with given value at given position
    def insert(self, value):

        # Initialize a new Node
        node = Node(value)

        # Check If XOR linked list is empty
        if self.head is None:

            # Update pointer of head node
            self.head = node

            # Update pointer of tail node
            self.tail = node

        else:

            # Update curr node address
            self.head.npx = id(node) ^ self.head.npx

            # Update new node address
            node.npx = id(self.head)

            # Update head
            self.head = node

        # push node
        self.__nodes.append(node)


    # Function to print elements of the XOR Linked List
    def printList(self):


        if self.head != None:
            prev_id = 0
            node = self.head
            next_id = 1
            print(node.value, end=' ')

            # Traverse XOR linked list
            while next_id:

                # Forward traversal
                next_id = prev_id ^ node.npx

                if next_id:

                    # Update prev
                    prev_id = id(node)

                    # Update curr
                    node = self.__type_cast(next_id)

                    # Print current node
                    print(node.value, end=' ')
                else:
                    return


    # method to check if the linked list is empty or not
    def isEmpty(self):
        if self.head is None:
            return True
        return False

    # method to return a new instance of type
    def __type_cast(self, id):
        return ctypes.cast(id, ctypes.py_object).value


    # Function to remove the first node from the given linked list
    def delBeginning(self):

        # If list is empty
        if self.isEmpty():
            return "List is empty !"

        # If list has 1 node
        elif self.head == self.tail:
            self.head = self.tail = None

        # If list has 2 nodes
        elif (0 ^ self.head.npx) == id(self.tail):
            self.head = self.tail
            self.head.npx = self.tail.npx = 0

        # If list has more than 2 nodes
        else:

            # Store the node to be deleted
            res = self.head.value

            # Address of next node
            x = self.__type_cast(0 ^ self.head.npx)

            # Address of next of next node
            y = (id(self.head) ^ x.npx)
            self.head = x
            self.head.npx = 0 ^ y
            return res



# Create following XOR Linked List
# head-->40<-->30<-->20<-->10
head = XorLinkedList()
head.insert(10)
head.insert(20)
head.insert(30)
head.insert(40)

# Delete the first node
head.delBeginning();

# Print the following XOR Linked List
# head-->30<-->20<-->10
head.printList();


# This code is contributed by Nighi goel.

C#

using System;

class Node {
    public int data;
    public int npx;

    public Node(int data) {
        this.data = data;
        this.npx = 0;
    }
}

class XorLinkedList {
    private Node head;
    private Node[] nodes;

    public XorLinkedList() {
        head = null;
        nodes = new Node[100]; // assuming 100 as max number of nodes
    }

    public void insert(int data) {
        Node node = new Node(data);
        nodes[data - 1] = node; // assuming data starts from 1 and is unique
        if (head != null) {
            node.npx = getPointer(head);
            head.npx = getPointer(node) ^ head.npx;
        }
        head = node;
    }

    public void removeHead() {
        if (head == null) {
            Console.WriteLine("List Is Empty");
            return;
        }
        int nextNodeId = head.npx;
        if (nextNodeId != 0) {
            Node nextNode = dereferencePointer(nextNodeId);
            nextNode.npx ^= getPointer(head);
            nodes[head.data - 1] = null; // removing head node from nodes array
            head = nextNode;
        }
    }

    public void printList() {
        Node current = head;
        int prevAddr = 0;

        while (current != null) {
            Console.WriteLine(current.data);

            int nextAddr = prevAddr ^ current.npx;

            prevAddr = getPointer(current);
            current = dereferencePointer(nextAddr);
        }
    }

    private int getPointer(Node node) {
        // Using RuntimeHelpers.GetHashCode to get a unique identifier for the node object
        return System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeHelpers.GetHashCode(node);
    }

    private Node dereferencePointer(int address) {
        for (int i = 0; i < nodes.Length; i++) {
            if (nodes[i] != null && getPointer(nodes[i]) == address) {
                return nodes[i];
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
}

public class Program {
    public static void Main() {
        XorLinkedList xll = new XorLinkedList();
        xll.insert(10);
        xll.insert(20);
        xll.insert(30);
        xll.insert(40);

        xll.removeHead();

        xll.printList();
    }
}

Javascript

class Node {
    constructor(data) {
        this.data = data;
        this.npx = 0;
    }
}

class XorLinkedList {
    constructor() {
        this.head = null;
        this.nodes = [];
    }

    insert(data) {
        let node = new Node(data);
        this.nodes.push(node);
        if (this.head !== null) {
            node.npx = getPointer(this.head);
            this.head.npx = getPointer(node) ^ this.head.npx;
        }
        this.head = node;
    }

    removeHead() {
        if (!this.head) {
            console.log("List Is Empty");
            return;
        }
        let nextNodeId = this.head.npx;
        if (nextNodeId !== 0) {
            let nextNode = dereferencePointer(nextNodeId);
            nextNode.npx ^= getPointer(this.head);
            delete this.nodes[this.nodes.indexOf(this.head)];
            delete this.head;
            this.head = nextNode;
        }
    }

    printList() {
      let current = this.head;
      let prevAddr = 0;

      while (current != null) {
          console.log(current.data);

          let nextAddr = prevAddr ^ current.npx;

          prevAddr = getPointer(current);
          current = dereferencePointer(nextAddr);
      }
  }
}

let addressMap = new Map();
let addressCount = 1;

function getPointer(object) {
    if (addressMap.has(object)) return addressMap.get(object);

    let newAddressCountValue = addressCount++;
    addressMap.set(object, newAddressCountValue);

    return newAddressCountValue;
}

function dereferencePointer(address) {
   for (let [key, value] of addressMap.entries()) {
       if (value === address) return key;
   }
   return undefined
}
let xll = new XorLinkedList();
xll.insert(10);
xll.insert(20);
xll.insert(30);
xll.insert(40);

xll.removeHead();

xll.printList();

Output:

30 20 10

Time Complexity: O(1) 
Auxiliary Space: O(1)