Working of Keyword long in C programming

In C, long is a keyword that symbolizes the Long datatype. The long data type is a 64-bit two’s complement integer with:

Size: 64 bit
Value: -263 to 263-1

The output of 64 bit GCC compiler would give the size of long as 8 whereas on 32 bit GCC compiler the size would be 4. So it varies from compiler to compiler. Now the question is what exactly is happening here? Let’s discuss the way how the compiler allocates memory internally. 

• CPU calls data from RAM by giving the address of the location to MAR (Memory Address Register). 
• The location is found and the data is transferred to MDR (Memory Data Register). 
• This data is recorded in one of the Registers in the Processor for further processing. That’s why the size of the Data Bus determines the size of the Registers in the Processor. 
• Now, a 32-bit register can call data of 4 bytes size only, at a time. And if the data size exceeds 32 bits, then it would require two cycles of fetching to have the data in it. 
• This slows down the speed of the 32-bit Machine compared to the 64-bit, which would complete the operation in ONE fetch cycle only. 
• So, obviously, for the smaller data, it makes no difference if my processors are clocked at the same speed. 

Compilers are designed to generate the most efficient code for the target machine architecture. 

Note:  Interestingly we don’t have any need for a “long” data type as their replacement(int, long long) is already available from the C99 standard. 

Data Type	Storage Size	Range	Format Specifier
long	4 bytes	-2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647	%ld
long long	8 bytes	-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to +9,223,372,036,854,775,807	%lld
long double	10 bytes	3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932	%lf

Example of a long keyword

In the below program, all the possible variables with long datatype are defined and their sizes are calculated and printed using sizeof() operator. 

Below is the C program to find the demonstrated working of long keywords: 

C

// C program to demonstrate the working
// of long keyword
#include <stdio.h>

// Driver code
int main()
{
    long longType;
    int integerType;
    long int longIntegerType;
    long long int longLongIntegerType;
    float floatType;
    double doubleType;
    long double longDoubleType;

    // Calculate and Print the size of all variables
    printf("Size of longType is: %ld\n", sizeof(longType));

    printf("Size of integerType is: %ld\n",
           sizeof(integerType));

    printf("Size of longIntegerType is: %ld\n",
           sizeof(longIntegerType));

    printf("Size of longLongIntegerType is: %ld\n",
           sizeof(longLongIntegerType));

    printf("Size of floatType is: %ld\n",
           sizeof(floatType));

    printf("Size of doubleType is: %ld\n",
           sizeof(doubleType));

    printf("Size of longDoubleType is: %ld\n",
           sizeof(longDoubleType));

    return 0;
}

Output

Size of longType is: 8
Size of integerType is: 4
Size of longIntegerType is: 8
Size of longLongIntegerType is: 8
Size of floatType is: 4
Size of doubleType is: 8
Size of longDoubleType is: 16