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TreeSet lower() method in Java

The lower(E ele) method of TreeSet class in Java is used to return the greatest element in this set which is strictly less than the given element. If no such element exists in this TreeSet collection then this method returns a NULL.

Here, E is the type of the elements maintained by this collection.

Syntax:

public E lower(E ele)

Parameters: It takes only one parameter ele. It is the element based on which the greatest value in the set which is strictly less than this value is determined.

Return Value: It returns a value of type E which is either null or the required value.

Exceptions:

Below programs illustrate the lower() method :

Program 1:




// Java program to illustrate lower() method
// of TreeSet class
  
import java.util.TreeSet;
public class GFG {
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        TreeSet<Integer> tree = new TreeSet<Integer>();
  
        // Add elements to this TreeSet
        tree.add(10);
        tree.add(5);
        tree.add(8);
        tree.add(1);
        tree.add(11);
        tree.add(3);
  
        System.out.println(tree.lower(15));
    }
}

Output:

11

Program 2 (demonstration of NullPointerException):




// Java program to illustrate lower() method
// of TreeSet class
  
import java.util.TreeSet;
public class GFG {
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        TreeSet<String> tree = new TreeSet<String>();
  
        try {
  
            // Add elements to TreeSet
            tree.add("10");
            tree.add("5");
            tree.add("8");
            tree.add("1");
            tree.add("11");
            tree.add("3");
  
            System.out.println(tree.lower(null));
        }
        catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

Output:

java.lang.NullPointerException
    at java.util.TreeMap.compare(TreeMap.java:1294)
    at java.util.TreeMap.getLowerEntry(TreeMap.java:494)
    at java.util.TreeMap.lowerKey(TreeMap.java:711)
    at java.util.TreeSet.lower(TreeSet.java:414)
    at GFG.main(GFG.java:20)

Program 3 (demonstration of ClassCastException):




// Java program to illustrate lower() method
// of TreeSet class
  
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.TreeSet;
  
public class GFG {
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        TreeSet<List> tree = new TreeSet<List>();
  
        List<Integer> l1 = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        l1.add(1);
        l1.add(2);
        tree.add(l1);
  
        List<Integer> l2 = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        l2.add(3);
        l2.add(4);
  
        List<Integer> l3 = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        l2.add(5);
        l2.add(6);
  
        try {
            System.out.println(tree.lower(l3));
        }
        catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println(e);
        }
    }
}

Output:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ClassCastException: 
java.util.LinkedList cannot be cast to java.lang.Comparable
    at java.util.TreeMap.compare(TreeMap.java:1294)
    at java.util.TreeMap.put(TreeMap.java:538)
    at java.util.TreeSet.add(TreeSet.java:255)
    at GFG.main(GFG.java:17)

Reference: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/TreeSet.html#lower(E)


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