System Bus Design

Definition: 

The electrically conducting path along which data is transmitted inside any digital electronic device. A Computer bus consists of a set of parallel conductors, which may be conventional wires, copper tracks on a PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD, or microscopic aluminum trails on the surface of a silicon chip. Each wire carries just one bit, so the number of wires determines the most significant data WORD the bus can transmit: a bus with eight wires can carry only 8-bit data words and hence defines the device as an 8-bit device.

• The bus is a communication channel.
• The characteristic of the bus is shared transmission media.
• The limitation of a bus is only one transmission at a time.
• A bus used to communicate between the major components of a computer is called a System bus.

Computer:

System bus contains 3 categories of lines used to provide the communication between the CPU, memory and IO named as: 

1. Address lines (AL)
2. Data lines (DL)
3. Control lines (CL) 

1. Address Lines:

• Used to carry the address to memory and IO.
• Unidirectional.
• Based on the width of an address bus we can determine the capacity of a main memory

Example:

2. Data Lines:

• Used to carry the binary data between the CPU, memory and IO.
• Bidirectional.
• Based on the width of a data bus we can determine the word length of a CPU.
• Based on the word length we can determine the performance of a CPU.

Example:

3. Control Lines:

• Used to carry the control signals and timing signals
• Control signals indicate the type of operation.
• Timing Signals are used to synchronize the memory and IO operations with a CPU clock.
• Typical Control Lines may include Memory Read/Write, IO Read/Write, Bus Request/Grant, etc.