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Sum of bit differences for numbers from 0 to N | Set 2

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Given a number N, the task is to calculate the total number of corresponding different bit in the binary representation for every consecutive number from 0 to N.

Examples:  

Input: N = 5 
Output:
Explanation: 
Binary Representation of numbers are: 
0 -> 000, 
1 -> 001, 
2 -> 010, 
3 -> 011, 
4 -> 100, 
5 -> 101 
Between 1 and 0 -> 1 bit is different 
Between 2 and 1 -> 2 bits are different 
Between 3 and 2 -> 1 bit is different 
Between 4 and 3 -> 3 bits are different 
Between 5 and 4 -> 1 bit is different 
Total = 1 + 2 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 8
Input: N = 11 
Output: 19  

For Naive and Efficient Approach please refer to the previous post of this article.
More Efficient Approach: To optimize the above methods, we can use Recursion. To solve the problem, the following observations need to be made 

Number:     0 1 2 3 4  5  6  7
Difference: 1 2 1 3 1  2  1  4
Sum:        1 3 4 7 8 10 11 15

We can observe that for N = [1, 2, 3, 4, …..], the sum of different bits in consecutive elements forms the sequence [1, 3, 4, 7, 8, ……]. Hence, Nth term of this series will be our required answer, which can be calculated as:  

a(n) = a(n / 2) + n; with base case as a(1) = 1  

Below is the implementation for above Recursive approach:
 

C++




// C++ program to find the sum
// of bit differences between
// consecutive numbers
// from 0 to N using recursion
 
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Recursive function to find sum
// of different bits between
// consecutive numbers from 0 to N
int totalCountDifference(int n)
{
 
    // Base case
    if (n == 1)
        return 1;
 
    // Calculate the Nth term
    return n
           + totalCountDifference(n / 2);
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    // Given Number
    int N = 5;
 
    // Function Call
    cout << totalCountDifference(N);
    return 0;
}


Java




// Java program to find the sum
// of bit differences between
// consecutive numbers from
// 0 to N using recursion
class GFG{
 
// Recursive function to find sum
// of different bits between
// consecutive numbers from 0 to N
static int totalCountDifference(int n)
{
 
    // Base case
    if (n == 1)
        return 1;
 
    // Calculate the Nth term
    return n + totalCountDifference(n / 2);
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
     
    // Given number
    int N = 5;
 
    // Function call
    System.out.println(totalCountDifference(N));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by himanshu77


Python3




# Python3 program to find the sum
# of bit differences between
# consecutive numbers from
# 0 to N using recursion
 
# Recursive function to find sum
# of different bits between
# consecutive numbers from 0 to N
def totalCountDifference (n):
 
    # Base case
    if (n == 1):
        return 1
 
    # Calculate the Nth term
    return n + totalCountDifference(n // 2)
 
# Driver code
 
# Given number
N = 5
 
# Function call
print(totalCountDifference(N))
 
# This code is contributed by himanshu77


C#




// C# program to find the sum
// of bit differences between
// consecutive numbers from
// 0 to N using recursion
using System;
 
class GFG{
 
// Recursive function to find sum
// of different bits between
// consecutive numbers from 0 to N
static int totalCountDifference(int n)
{
 
    // Base case
    if (n == 1)
        return 1;
 
    // Calculate the Nth term
    return n + totalCountDifference(n / 2);
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void Main()
{
     
    // Given number
    int N = 5;
 
    // Function call
    Console.WriteLine(totalCountDifference(N));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by himanshu77


Javascript




<script>
// JavaScript program to find the sum
// of bit differences between
// consecutive numbers from
// 0 to N using recursion
 
// Recursive function to find sum
// of different bits between
// consecutive numbers from 0 to N
function totalCountDifference(n)
{
   
    // Base case
    if (n == 1)
        return 1;
   
    // Calculate the Nth term
    return n + totalCountDifference(Math.floor(n / 2));
}
     
// Driver Code
     
           // Given number
    let N = 5;
   
    // Function call
    document.write(totalCountDifference(N));
              
</script>


Output: 

8

 

Time Complexity: O(log2N) 
Auxiliary Space: O(1)

Most Efficient Approach: Dynamic Programming (Using Memoization)

The above recursive approach can give MLE (Memory Limit Exceeded) for larger inputs due to recursive calls which will use stack spaces. 

C++




// C++ program to find the sum
// of bit differences between
// consecutive numbers from
// 0 to N using Dynamic Programming
 
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
static int dp[101];
 
// Recursive function to find sum
// of different bits between
// consecutive numbers from 0 to N
int totalCountDifference(int n)
{
 
    // Base case
    if (n == 1)
        return 1;
 
    if (dp[n] != -1)
        return dp[n];
 
    // Calculate the Nth term
    dp[n] = n + totalCountDifference(n / 2);
 
    // Return dp
    return dp[n];
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    // Given Number
    int N = 5;
 
    memset(dp, -1, sizeof(dp));
 
    // Function Call
    cout << totalCountDifference(N);
    return 0;
}


Java




// Java program to find the sum
// of bit differences between
// consecutive numbers from
// 0 to N using Dynamic Programming
import java.util.*;
public class GFG
{
 
  static int []dp = new int[101];
 
  // Recursive function to find sum
  // of different bits between
  // consecutive numbers from 0 to N
  static int totalCountDifference(int n)
  {
 
    // Base case
    if (n == 1)
      return 1;
 
    if (dp[n] != -1)
      return dp[n];
 
    // Calculate the Nth term
    dp[n] = n + totalCountDifference(n / 2);
 
    // Return dp
    return dp[n];
  }
 
  // Driver Code
  public static void main(String args[])
  {
     
    // Given Number
    int N = 5;
 
    for(int i = 0; i < 101; i++) {
      dp[i] = -1;
    }
 
    // Function Call
    System.out.print(totalCountDifference(N));
  }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Samim Hossain Mondal.


Python




# Python program to find the sum
# of bit differences between
# consecutive numbers from
# 0 to N using Dynamic Programming
dp = [-1] * 101
 
# Recursive function to find sum
# of different bits between
# consecutive numbers from 0 to N
def totalCountDifference(n):
 
    # Base case
    if (n == 1):
        return 1
 
    if (dp[n] != -1):
        return dp[n]
 
    # Calculate the Nth term
    dp[n] = n + totalCountDifference(n // 2)
 
    # Return dp
    return dp[n]
 
# Driver Code
 
# Given Number
N = 5
 
# Function Call
print(totalCountDifference(N))
 
# This code is contributed by Samim Hossain Mondal.


C#




// C# program to find the sum
// of bit differences between
// consecutive numbers from
// 0 to N using Dynamic Programming
 
using System;
class GFG
{
   
static int []dp = new int[101];
 
// Recursive function to find sum
// of different bits between
// consecutive numbers from 0 to N
static int totalCountDifference(int n)
{
 
    // Base case
    if (n == 1)
        return 1;
 
    if (dp[n] != -1)
        return dp[n];
 
    // Calculate the Nth term
    dp[n] = n + totalCountDifference(n / 2);
 
    // Return dp
    return dp[n];
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void Main()
{
    // Given Number
    int N = 5;
 
    for(int i = 0; i < 101; i++) {
      dp[i] = -1;
    }
 
    // Function Call
    Console.Write(totalCountDifference(N));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by Samim Hossain Mondal.


Javascript




<script>
// Javascript program to find the sum
// of bit differences between
// consecutive numbers from
// 0 to N using Dynamic Programming
 
// Create an array for memoization
let dp = new Array(1001);
dp.fill(-1);
 
// Recursive function to find sum
// of different bits between
// consecutive numbers from 0 to N
function totalCountDifference(n) {
 
    // Base case
    if (n == 1) {
        return 1;
    }
 
    if (dp[n] != -1) {
        return dp[n];
    }
 
    // Calculate the Nth term
    dp[n] = n + totalCountDifference(Math.floor(n / 2));
 
    // Return dp
    return dp[n];
}
 
// Driver Code
 
// Given Number
let N = 5
 
// Function Call
document.write(totalCountDifference(N))
 
// This code is contributed by Samim Hossain Mondal.
</script>


Time Complexity: O(log2N) 

Auxiliary Space: O(N)



Last Updated : 08 Mar, 2022
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