String hashing using Polynomial rolling hash function

Hash Function

A Hash function is a function that maps any kind of data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values. The values returned by the function are called Hash Values or digests. There are many popular Hash Functions such as DJBX33A, MD5, and SHA-256. This post will discuss the key features, implementation, advantages and drawbacks of the Polynomial Rolling Hash Function.

Note that if two strings are equal, their hash values should also be equal. But the inverse need not be true.

The polynomial rolling hash function

Polynomial rolling hash function is a hash function that uses only multiplications and additions. The following is the function:

$\text{hash(s)} = \text{s}[0] + \text{s}[1]\cdot p + \text{s}[2]\cdot p^2 + \dots + \text{s}[n - 1]\times p^{n - 1}\quad \text{mod}\ m$

or simply,

$\text{hash(s)} = \displaystyle\sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} s[i]\cdot p^i\quad \text{mod}\ m$

Where

The input to the function is a string $s$ of length $n$ .
$p$ and $m$ are some positive integers.
The choice of $p$ and $m$ affects the performance and the security of the hash function.
If the string consists of only lower-case letters, then is a good choice.
- Competitive Programmers prefer using a larger value for $p$ . Examples include $29791$ , $11111$ , $111111$ .
$m$ shall necessarily be a large prime since the probability of two keys colliding (producing the same hash) is nearly $\cfrac{1}{m}$ . $10^9 + 7$ and $10^9 + 9$ are widely used values for $m$ .
The output of the function is the hash value of the string $s$ which ranges between $0$ and $(m - 1)$ inclusive.

Below is the implementation of the Polynomial Rolling Hash Function

C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
 
int get_hash(const char* s, const int n) {
    long long p = 31, m = 1e9 + 7;
    long long hash = 0;
    long long p_pow = 1;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        hash = (hash + (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow) % m;
        p_pow = (p_pow * p) % m;
    }
    return hash;
}
 
int main() {
    char s[] = "geeksforgeeks";
    int n = strlen(s);
    printf("Hash of %s is %d\n", s, get_hash(s, n));
    return 0;
}

C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
struct Hash {
    long long p = 31, m = 1e9 + 7;
    long long hash_value;
    Hash(const string& s)
    {
        long long hash_so_far = 0;
        long long p_pow = 1;
        const long long n = s.length();
        for (long long i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            hash_so_far
                = (hash_so_far + (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow)
                  % m;
            p_pow = (p_pow * p) % m;
        }
        hash_value = hash_so_far;
    }
    bool operator==(const Hash& other)
    {
        return (hash_value == other.hash_value);
    }
};
 
int main()
{
    const string s = "geeksforgeeks";
    Hash h(s);
    cout << "Hash of " << s << " is: " << h.hash_value
         << '\n';
    return 0;
}

Java

class Hash {
    final int p = 31, m = 1000000007;
    int hash_value;
    Hash(String S)
    {
        int hash_so_far = 0;
        final char[] s = S.toCharArray();
        long p_pow = 1;
        final int n = s.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            hash_so_far = (int)((hash_so_far
                                 + (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow)
                                % m);
            p_pow = (p_pow * p) % m;
        }
        hash_value = hash_so_far;
    }
}
 
class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        String s = "geeksforgeeks";
        Hash h = new Hash(s);
        System.out.println("Hash of " + s + " is "
                           + h.hash_value);
    }
}

Python3

class Hash:
    def __init__(self, s: str):
        self.hash_value = 0
        self.p, self.m = 31, 10**9 + 7
        self.length = len(s)
        hash_so_far = 0
        p_pow = 1
        for i in range(self.length):
            hash_so_far = (hash_so_far + (1 + ord(s[i]) - ord('a')) * p_pow) % self.m
            p_pow = (p_pow * self.p) % self.m
        self.hash_value = hash_so_far
     
    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.hash_value == other.hash_value
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    s = "geeksforgeeks"
    h = Hash(s)
    print("Hash value of {} is {}".format(s, h.hash_value))

C#

//C# program to implement the above approach
using System;
 
public struct Hash
{
    public long p;    // the prime number used for the hash function
    public long m;    // the modulus used for the hash function
    public long hash_value;     // the hash value of the string
 
    public Hash(string s)
    {
        p = 31;
        m = 1000000007;
        long hash_so_far = 0;
        long p_pow = 1;
        long n = s.Length;
        for (long i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        {
            hash_so_far = (hash_so_far + (s[(int)i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow) % m;
            p_pow = (p_pow * p) % m;
        }
        hash_value = hash_so_far;
    }
 
    public static bool operator ==(Hash a, Hash b)
    {
        return a.hash_value == b.hash_value;
    }
 
    public static bool operator !=(Hash a, Hash b)
    {
        return !(a == b);
    }
}
 
//Driver code
public class MainClass
{
    public static void Main()
    {
        string s = "geeksforgeeks";
        Hash h = new Hash(s);
        Console.WriteLine($"Hash of {s} is: {h.hash_value}");
    }
}
//contributed by adityasha4x71

Javascript

// Calculates the hash value of a string using a polynomial rolling hash function.
 // @param {string} s - The input string.
 // @returns {number} The hash value of the input string.
function get_hash(s) {
    const p = 31;
    const m = 1e9 + 7;
    let hash = 0;
    let pPow = 1;
    for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
        hash = (hash + (s.charCodeAt(i) - 'a'.charCodeAt(0) + 1) * pPow) % m;
        pPow = (pPow * p) % m;
    }
    return hash;
}
 
const s = "geeksforgeeks";
console.log(`Hash of ${s} is ${get_hash(s)}`);

Output

Hash of geeksforgeeks is 609871790

Time Complexity: O(N)

Auxiliary Space: O(1)

Collisions in Polynomial Rolling Hash

Since the output of the Hash function is an integer in the range $[0, m)$ , there are high chances for two strings producing the same hash value.

For instance, the strings $\text{``countermand''}$ and $\text{``furnace''}$ produce the same hash value for $p = 31$ and $m = 10^9 + 7$ .

Also, the strings $\text{``answers''}$ and $\text{``stead''}$ produce the same hash value for $p = 37$ and $m = 10^9 + 9$ .

We can guarantee a collision within a very small domain. Consider a set of strings, $S$ , consisting of only lower-case letters, such that the length of any string in $S$ doesn’t exceed $7$ .

We have $|S| = (26 + 26^2 + 26^3 + 26^4 + 26^5 + 26^6 + 26^7) = 8353082582\gt 10^9 + 7$ . Since the range of the Hash Function is $[0, m)$ , one-one mapping is impossible. Hence, we can guarantee a collision by arbitrarily generating two strings whose length doesn’t exceed $7$ .

Collision Resolution

We can note that the value of $m$ affects the chances of collision. We have seen that the probability of collision is $\cfrac{1}{m}$ . We can increase the value of $m$ to reduce the probability of collision. But that affects the speed of the algorithm. Larger the value of $m$ , the slower the algorithm. Also, some languages (C, C++, Java) have a limit on the size of the integer. Hence, we can’t increase the value of $m$ to a very large value.

Then how can we minimise the chances of a collision?

Note that the hash of a string depends on two parameters: $p$ and $m$ .

We have seen that the strings $\text{``countermand''}$ and $\text{``furnace''}$ produce the same hash value for $p = 31$ and $m = 10^9 + 7$ . But for $p = 37$ and $m = 10^9 + 9$ , they produce different hashes.

Observation:

If two strings produce the same hash values for a pair $(p1, m1)$ , they will produce different hashes for a different pair, $(p2, m2)$ .

Strategy:

We cannot, however, nullify the chances of collision because there are infinitely many strings. But, surely, we can reduce the probability of two strings colliding.

We can reduce the probability of collision by generating a pair of hashes for a given string. The first hash is generated using $p = 31$ and $m = 10^9 + 7$ , while the second hash is generated using $p = 37$ and $m = 10^9 + 9$ .

Why will this work?

We are generating two hashes using two different modulo values, $m1$ and $m2$ . The probability of a collision is now $\cfrac{1}{m1} \times \cfrac{1}{m2}$ . Since both $m1$ and $m2$ are greater than $10^9$ , the probability that a collision occurs is now less than $\displaystyle10^{-18}$ which is so much better than the original probability of collision, $10^{-9}$ .

Below is the implementation for the same

C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
struct Hash {
    const int p1 = 31, m1 = 1e9 + 7;
    const int p2 = 37, m2 = 1e9 + 9;
    int hash1 = 0, hash2 = 0;
    Hash(const string& s) {
        compute_hash1(s);
        compute_hash2(s);
    }
 
    void compute_hash1(const string& s) {
        long p_pow = 1;
        for(char ch: s) {
            hash1 = (hash1 + (ch + 1 - 'a') * p_pow) % m1;
            p_pow = (p_pow * p1) % m1;
        }
    }
 
    void compute_hash2(const string& s) {
        long p_pow = 1;
        for(char ch: s) {
            hash2 = (hash2 + (ch + 1 - 'a') * p_pow) % m2;
            p_pow = (p_pow * p2) % m2;
        }
    }
 
    // For two strings to be equal
    // they must have same hash1 and hash2
    bool operator==(const Hash& other) {
        return (hash1 == other.hash1 && hash2 == other.hash2);
    }
};
 
int main() {
    const string s = "geeksforgeeks";
    Hash h(s);
    cout << "Hash values of " << s << " are: ";
    cout << "(" << h.hash1 << ", " << h.hash2 << ")" << '\n';
    return 0;
}

C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
 
int get_hash1(const char* s, int length) {
    const int p = 31, m = 1e9 + 7;
    int hash_value = 0;
    long p_pow = 1;
    for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        hash_value = (hash_value + (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow) % m;
        p_pow = (p_pow * p) % m;
    }
    return hash_value;
}
 
int get_hash2(const char* s, int length) {
    const int p = 37, m = 1e9 + 9;
    int hash_value = 0;
    long p_pow = 1;
    for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        hash_value = (hash_value + (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow) % m;
        p_pow = (p_pow * p) % m;
    }
    return hash_value;
}
 
int main() {
    char s[] = "geeksforgeeks";
    int length = strlen(s);
    int hash1 = get_hash1(s, length);
    int hash2 = get_hash2(s, length);
    printf("Hash values of %s are: (%d, %d)\n", s, hash1, hash2);
    return 0;
}

Java

class Hash {
    final int p1 = 31, m1 = 1000000007;
    final int p2 = 37, m2 = 1000000009;
    int hash_value1, hash_value2;
    Hash(String s) {
        compute_hash1(s);
        compute_hash2(s);
    }
    void compute_hash1(String s) {
        int hash_so_far = 0;
        final char[] s_array = s.toCharArray();
        long p_pow = 1;
        final int n = s_array.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            hash_so_far = (int)((hash_so_far + (s_array[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow) % m1);
            p_pow = (p_pow * p1) % m1;
        }
        hash_value1 = hash_so_far;
    }
    void compute_hash2(String s) {
        int hash_so_far = 0;
        final char[] s_array = s.toCharArray();
        long p_pow = 1;
        final int n = s_array.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            hash_so_far = (int)((hash_so_far + (s_array[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow) % m2);
            p_pow = (p_pow * p2) % m2;
        }
        hash_value2 = hash_so_far;
    }
}
 
class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s = "geeksforgeeks";
        Hash h = new Hash(s);
        System.out.println("Hash values of " + s + " are: " + h.hash_value1 + ", " + h.hash_value2);
    }
}

Python3

class Hash:
    def __init__(self, s: str):
        self.p1, self.m1 = 31, 10**9 + 7
        self.p2, self.m2 = 37, 10**9 + 9
        self.hash1, self.hash2 = 0, 0
        self.compute_hashes(s)
 
    def compute_hashes(self, s: str):
        pow1, pow2 = 1, 1
        hash1, hash2 = 0, 0
        for ch in s:
            seed = 1 + ord(ch) - ord('a')
            hash1 = (hash1 + seed * pow1) % self.m1
            hash2 = (hash2 + seed * pow2) % self.m2
            pow1 = (pow1 * self.p1) % self.m1
            pow2 = (pow2 * self.p2) % self.m2
        self.hash1, self.hash2 = hash1, hash2
 
    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.hash1 == other.hash1 and self.hash2 == other.hash2
 
    def __str__(self):
        return f'({self.hash1}, {self.hash2})'
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    s = "geeksforgeeks"
    hash = Hash(s)
    print("Hash of " + s + " is " + str(hash))

C#

using System;
 
class Hash {
    readonly int p1 = 31, m1 = 1000000007;
    readonly int p2 = 37, m2 = 1000000009;
    public int hash_value1, hash_value2;
    public Hash(string s) {
        compute_hash1(s);
        compute_hash2(s);
    }
    void compute_hash1(string s) {
        int hash_so_far = 0;
        char[] s_array = s.ToCharArray();
        long p_pow = 1;
        int n = s_array.Length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            hash_so_far = (int)((hash_so_far + (s_array[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow) % m1);
            p_pow = (p_pow * p1) % m1;
        }
        hash_value1 = hash_so_far;
    }
    void compute_hash2(string s) {
        int hash_so_far = 0;
        char[] s_array = s.ToCharArray();
        long p_pow = 1;
        int n = s_array.Length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            hash_so_far = (int)((hash_so_far + (s_array[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow) % m2);
            p_pow = (p_pow * p2) % m2;
        }
        hash_value2 = hash_so_far;
    }
}
 
class Program {
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
        string s = "geeksforgeeks";
        Hash h = new Hash(s);
        Console.WriteLine("Hash values of " + s + " are: " + h.hash_value1 + ", " + h.hash_value2);
    }
}

Javascript

function get_hash1(s, length) {
  const p = 31, m = 1e9 + 7;
  let hash_value = 0;
  let p_pow = 1;
  for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    hash_value = (hash_value + (s.charCodeAt(i) - 97 + 1) * p_pow) % m;
    p_pow = (p_pow * p) % m;
  }
  return hash_value;
}
 
function get_hash2(s, length) {
  const p = 37, m = 1e9 + 9;
  let hash_value = 0;
  let p_pow = 1;
  for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
    hash_value = (hash_value + (s.charCodeAt(i) - 97 + 1) * p_pow) % m;
    p_pow = (p_pow * p) % m;
  }
  return hash_value;
}
 
const s = "geeksforgeeks";
const length = s.length;
const hash1 = get_hash1(s, length);
const hash2 = get_hash2(s, length);
console.log(`Hash values of ${s} are: (${hash1}, ${hash2})`);

Output

Hash values of geeksforgeeks are: (609871790, 642799661)

Time Complexity: O(N)

Auxiliary Space: O(1)

Features of Polynomial rolling hash function

Calculation of Hashes of any substring of a given string in $O(1)$

Note that computing the hash of the string S will also compute the hashes of all of the prefixes. We just have to store the hash values of the prefixes while computing. Say \text{hash[i]} denotes the hash of the prefix \text{S[0…i]}, we have

$\text{hash[i...j]}\cdot p^i = \text{hash[0...j]} - \text{hash[0...(i - 1)]}$

This allows us to quickly compute the hash of the substring $\text{S[i...j]}$ in $O(1)$ provided we have powers of $p$ ready.

The behaviour of the hash when a character is changed

Recall that the hash of a string $s$ is given by

$\text{hash(s)} = \displaystyle\sum_{i = 0}^{n - 1} s[i]\cdot p^i\quad \text{mod}\ m$

Say, we change a character $ch1$ at some index $i$ to some other character $ch2$ . How will the hash change?

If $\text{hash\_old}$ denotes the hash value before changing and $\text{hash\_new}$ is the hash value after changing, then the relation between them is given by

$\text{hash\_new} = \text{hash\_old} - p^i\cdot(ch1) + p^i\cdot(ch2)$

Therefore, queries can be performed very quickly instead of recalculating the hash from beginning, provided we have the powers of $p$ ready.

A more elegant implementation is provided below.

C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
long long power(long long x, long long y, long long p) {
    long long result = 1;
    for(; y; y >>= 1, x = x * x % p) {
        if(y & 1) {
            result = result * x % p;
        }
    }
    return result;
}
 
long long inverse(long long x, long long p) {
    return power(x, p - 2, p);
}
 
class Hash {
private:
    int length;
    const int mod1 = 1e9 + 7, mod2 = 1e9 + 9;
    const int p1 = 31, p2 = 37;
    vector<int> hash1, hash2;
    pair<int, int> hash_pair;
 
public:
    inline static vector<int> inv_pow1, inv_pow2;
    inline static int inv_size = 1;
     
    Hash() {}
 
    Hash(const string& s) {
        length = s.size();
        hash1.resize(length);
        hash2.resize(length);
 
        int h1 = 0, h2 = 0;
        long long p_pow1 = 1, p_pow2 = 1;
        for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            h1 = (h1 + (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow1) % mod1;
            h2 = (h2 + (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow2) % mod2;
            p_pow1 = (p_pow1 * p1) % mod1;
            p_pow2 = (p_pow2 * p2) % mod2;
            hash1[i] = h1;
            hash2[i] = h2;
        }
        hash_pair = make_pair(h1, h2);
 
        if(inv_size < length) {
            for(; inv_size < length; inv_size <<= 1);
             
            inv_pow1.resize(inv_size, -1);
            inv_pow2.resize(inv_size, -1);
 
            inv_pow1[inv_size - 1] = inverse(power(p1, inv_size - 1, mod1), mod1);
            inv_pow2[inv_size - 1] = inverse(power(p2, inv_size - 1, mod2), mod2);
             
            for(int i = inv_size - 2; i >= 0 && inv_pow1[i] == -1; i--) {
                inv_pow1[i] = (1LL * inv_pow1[i + 1] * p1) % mod1;
                inv_pow2[i] = (1LL * inv_pow2[i + 1] * p2) % mod2;
            }
        }
    }
 
    int size() {
        return length;
    }
 
    pair<int, int> prefix(const int index) {
        return {hash1[index], hash2[index]};
    }
 
    pair<int, int> substr(const int l, const int r) {
        if(l == 0) {
            return {hash1[r], hash2[r]};
        }
        int temp1 = hash1[r] - hash1[l - 1];
        int temp2 = hash2[r] - hash2[l - 1];
        temp1 += (temp1 < 0 ? mod1 : 0);
        temp2 += (temp2 < 0 ? mod2 : 0);
        temp1 = (temp1 * 1LL * inv_pow1[l]) % mod1;
        temp2 = (temp2 * 1LL * inv_pow2[l]) % mod2;
        return {temp1, temp2};
    }
 
    bool operator==(const Hash& other) {
        return (hash_pair == other.hash_pair);
    }
};
 
 
int main() {
    string my_str = "geeksforgeeks";
    const int n = my_str.length();
    auto hash = Hash(my_str);
    auto hash_pair = hash.substr(0, n - 1);
    cout << "Hashes of the string " << my_str << " are:\n";
    cout << hash_pair.first << ' ' << hash_pair.second << '\n';
    return 0;
}

Python3

class RollingHash:
    def __init__(self, s):
        self.length = len(s)
        self.mod1 = 10**9 + 7
        self.mod2 = 10**9 + 9
        self.p1 = 31
        self.p2 = 37
        self.hash1 = [0] * self.length
        self.hash2 = [0] * self.length
         
        # Compute hashes of the string s
         
        h1 = h2 = 0
        p_pow1 = p_pow2 = 1
        for i in range(self.length):
            h1 = (h1 + (ord(s[i]) - ord('a') + 1) * p_pow1) % self.mod1
            h2 = (h2 + (ord(s[i]) - ord('a') + 1) * p_pow2) % self.mod2
            p_pow1 = (p_pow1 * self.p1) % self.mod1
            p_pow2 = (p_pow2 * self.p2) % self.mod2
            self.hash1[i] = h1
            self.hash2[i] = h2
 
    # Returns the hash value of the prefix of s up to index i
    def prefix(self, index):
        return (self.hash1[index], self.hash2[index])
     
    # Returns the hash value of the substring of s from index l to r (inclusive)
    def substr(self, l, r):
        if l == 0:
            return (self.hash1[r], self.hash2[r])
        temp1 = self.hash1[r] - self.hash1[l-1]
        temp2 = self.hash2[r] - self.hash2[l-1]
        temp1 += self.mod1 if temp1 < 0 else 0
        temp2 += self.mod2 if temp2 < 0 else 0
        temp1 = (temp1 * pow(self.p1, self.length-l, self.mod1)) % self.mod1
        temp2 = (temp2 * pow(self.p2, self.length-l, self.mod2)) % self.mod2
        return (temp1, temp2)
 
    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.prefix(self.length-1) == other.prefix(other.length-1)
 
 
my_str = "geeksforgeeks"
hash = RollingHash(my_str)
hash_pair = hash.substr(0, len(my_str)-1)
print("Hashes of the string", my_str, "are:")
print(hash_pair)

In the above implementation, we are computing the inverses of powers of $p$ in linear time.

Applications:

Consider this problem: Given a sequence S of N strings and Q queries. In each query, you are given two indices, i and j, your task is to find the length of the longest common prefix of the strings S[i] and S[j].

Before getting into the approach to solve this problem, note that the constraints are:

$1\le N \le 10^5\\ 1\le Q \le 10^5\\ 1\le |S| \le 10^5\\ \text{The Sum of |S| over all test cases doesn't exceed } 10^6$

Using Hashing, the problem can be solved in O(N + Q/log|S|_{max}). The approach is to compute hashes for all the strings in O(N) time, Then for each query, we can binary search the length of the longest common prefix using hashing. The implementation for this approach is provided below.

C++14

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
long long power(long long x, long long y, long long p) {
    long long result = 1;
    for(; y; y >>= 1, x = x * x % p) {
        if(y & 1) {
            result = result * x % p;
        }
    }
    return result;
}
 
long long inverse(long long x, long long p) {
    return power(x, p - 2, p);
}
 
class Hash {
private:
    int length;
    const int mod1 = 1e9 + 7, mod2 = 1e9 + 9;
    const int p1 = 31, p2 = 37;
    vector<int> hash1, hash2;
    pair<int, int> hash_pair;
 
public:
    inline static vector<int> inv_pow1, inv_pow2;
    inline static int inv_size = 1;
     
    Hash() {}
 
    Hash(const string& s) {
        length = s.size();
        hash1.resize(length);
        hash2.resize(length);
 
        int h1 = 0, h2 = 0;
        long long p_pow1 = 1, p_pow2 = 1;
        for(int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            h1 = (h1 + (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow1) % mod1;
            h2 = (h2 + (s[i] - 'a' + 1) * p_pow2) % mod2;
            p_pow1 = (p_pow1 * p1) % mod1;
            p_pow2 = (p_pow2 * p2) % mod2;
            hash1[i] = h1;
            hash2[i] = h2;
        }
        hash_pair = make_pair(h1, h2);
 
        if(inv_size < length) {
            for(; inv_size < length; inv_size <<= 1);
             
            inv_pow1.resize(inv_size, -1);
            inv_pow2.resize(inv_size, -1);
 
            inv_pow1[inv_size - 1] = inverse(power(p1, inv_size - 1, mod1), mod1);
            inv_pow2[inv_size - 1] = inverse(power(p2, inv_size - 1, mod2), mod2);
             
            for(int i = inv_size - 2; i >= 0 && inv_pow1[i] == -1; i--) {
                inv_pow1[i] = (1LL * inv_pow1[i + 1] * p1) % mod1;
                inv_pow2[i] = (1LL * inv_pow2[i + 1] * p2) % mod2;
            }
        }
    }
 
    int size() {
        return length;
    }
 
    pair<int, int> prefix(const int index) {
        return {hash1[index], hash2[index]};
    }
 
    pair<int, int> substr(const int l, const int r) {
        if(l == 0) {
            return {hash1[r], hash2[r]};
        }
        int temp1 = hash1[r] - hash1[l - 1];
        int temp2 = hash2[r] - hash2[l - 1];
        temp1 += (temp1 < 0 ? mod1 : 0);
        temp2 += (temp2 < 0 ? mod2 : 0);
        temp1 = (temp1 * 1LL * inv_pow1[l]) % mod1;
        temp2 = (temp2 * 1LL * inv_pow2[l]) % mod2;
        return {temp1, temp2};
    }
 
    bool operator==(const Hash& other) {
        return (hash_pair == other.hash_pair);
    }
};
 
void query(vector<Hash>& hashes, const int N) {
    int i = 0, j = 0;
    cin >> i >> j;
    i--, j--;
    int lb = 0, ub = min(hashes[i].size(), hashes[j].size());
    int max_length = 0;
    while(lb <= ub) {
        int mid = (lb + ub) >> 1;
        if(hashes[i].prefix(mid) == hashes[j].prefix(mid)) {
            if(mid + 1 > max_length) {
                max_length = mid + 1;
            }
            lb = mid + 1;
        }
        else {
            ub = mid - 1;
        }
    }
    cout << max_length << '\n';
}
 
int main() {
    int N = 0, Q = 0;
    cin >> N >> Q;
    vector<Hash> hashes;
    for(int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
        string s;
        cin >> s;
        hashes.push_back(Hash(s));
    }
    for(; Q > 0; Q--) {
        query(hashes, N);
    }
    return 0;
}

Input:
5 4
geeksforgeeks geeks hell geeksforpeaks hello
1 2
1 3
3 5
1 4

Expected Output:
5
0
4
8

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Last Updated : 10 Apr, 2023

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Data Structures and Algorithms - Self Paced

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Calculation of Hashes of any substring of a given string in $O(1)$