Sort a string lexicographically using triple cyclic shifts

Given a string consisting of the first N distinct alphabets, the task is to sort the string by using at most N/2 moves. Each move involves the following: 

• Select any 3 distinct indices.
• Perform a cyclic shift on the alphabets at these indices.

If it is possible to sort the strings, print the count of required moves. Otherwise, print “Not Possible”.

Examples:

Input: str = “cbda” 
Output:
possible 
1 
Explanation:
Selecting the indices 0, 2 and 3 and performing a single circular shift among them, the given string “cbda” is converted to “abcd”.

Input: str = “cba” 
Output: Not Possible 

Approach:
In order to solve the problem, follow the steps below: 

• Store the integers denoting correct of characters of the string in a vector .
• Place those elements correctly which can all occupy correct indices in a single cycle.
• Traverse an element of the vector
• If the element is not at its sorted index position, check if two or more numbers can be placed at correct indices in one cycle. If the condition is satisfied, perform the cycle otherwise check if there is a distinct index that does not hold the correct element available. If the condition is satisfied, select this index as the third index of the cycle and perform the cycle. If neither of the above conditions are satisfied, sorting would be impossible. Hence, break out of the loop and print “Not Possible”.
• Once a cyclic shift is performed, store the indices involved in the shift.
• If the element is at its sorted position, move to the next index.
• Repeat the above two steps for all vector elements.
• After the traversal is completed, if the entire array is in sorted order, print the shifts required. Else print “Not Possible”.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ Program for sorting a
// string using cyclic shift
// of three indices
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

void sortString(vector<int>& arr, int n,
                int moves)
{

    // Store the indices
    // which haven't attained
    // its correct position
    vector<int> pos;
    // Store the indices
    // undergoing cyclic shifts
    vector<vector<int> > indices;

    bool flag = false;

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

        // If the element is not at
        // it's correct position
        if (arr[i] != i) {

            // Check if all 3 indices can be
            // placed to respective correct
            // indices in a single move
            if (arr[arr[arr[i]]] == i
                && arr[arr[i]] != i) {

                int temp = arr[arr[i]];
                indices.push_back({ i, arr[i],
                                    arr[arr[i]] });
                swap(arr[i], arr[arr[i]]);
                swap(arr[i], arr[temp]);
            }
        }

        // If the i-th index is still
        // not present in its correct
        // position, store the index
        if (arr[i] != i) {
            pos.push_back(i);
        }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

        if (arr[i] != i) {

            int pos1 = i, pos2 = arr[i];
            int pos3 = arr[arr[i]];

            // To check if swapping two indices
            // places them in their correct
            // position
            if (pos3 != pos1) {

                indices.push_back({ pos1,
                                    pos2,
                                    pos3 });
                swap(arr[pos1], arr[pos2]);
                swap(arr[pos1], arr[pos3]);
                pos.erase(find(
                    pos.begin(),
                    pos.end(), pos2));
                pos.erase(find(
                    pos.begin(),
                    pos.end(), pos3));

                if (arr[pos1] == pos1) {
                    pos.erase(find(
                        pos.begin(),
                        pos.end(),
                        pos1));
                }
            }
            else {

                if (pos3
                    == *pos.begin()) {

                    if (*pos.begin()
                        != pos.back()) {
                        auto it
                            = ++pos.begin();
                        pos3 = *(it);

                        if (*it != pos.back()
                            && pos3 == pos2) {
                            pos3 = *(++it);
                        }
                        else if (*it == pos.back()
                                 && pos3 == pos2) {

                            flag = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        flag = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }

                indices.push_back({ pos1, pos2,
                                    pos3 });
                swap(arr[pos1], arr[pos2]);
                swap(arr[pos1], arr[pos3]);
                pos.erase(find(
                    pos.begin(),
                    pos.end(),
                    pos2));
            }
        }

        if (arr[i] != i) {
            i--;
        }
    }

    if (flag == true
        || indices.size() > moves) {

        cout << "Not Possible" << endl;
    }
    else {
        cout << indices.size() << endl;

        // Inorder to see the indices that
        // were swapped in rotations,
        // uncomment the below code

        /*
        for (int i = 0; i < indices.size();
             i++) {

            cout << indices[i][0] << " "
                 << indices[i][1] << " "
                 << indices[i][2] << endl;
        }
       */
    }
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{

    string s = "adceb";
    vector<int> arr;

    for (int i = 0; i < s.size(); i++) {
        arr.push_back(s[i] - 'a');
    }

    sortString(arr, s.size(),
               floor(s.size() / 2));
}

Python3

# Python3 program for sorting a
# string using cyclic shift
# of three indices
import math

def sortString(arr, n, moves):

    # Store the indices
    # which haven't attained
    # its correct position
    pos = []

    # Store the indices
    # undergoing cyclic shifts
    indices = []
    flag = False

    for i in range(n):

        # If the element is not at
        # it's correct position
        if (arr[i] != i):

            # Check if all 3 indices can be
            # placed to respective correct
            # indices in a single move
            if (arr[arr[arr[i]]] == i and
                arr[arr[i]] != i):
                temp = arr[arr[i]]

                indices.append([i, arr[i],
                               arr[arr[i]]])

                sw = arr[i]
                arr[i] = arr[arr[i]]
                arr[sw] = sw

                sw = arr[i]
                arr[i] = arr[temp]
                arr[temp] = sw

        # If the i-th index is still
        # not present in its correct
        # position, store the index
        if (arr[i] != i):
            pos.append(i)

    for i in range(n):
        if (arr[i] != i):
            pos1 = i
            pos2 = arr[i]
            pos3 = arr[arr[i]]

            # To check if swapping two indices
            # places them in their correct
            # position
            if (pos3 != pos1):
                indices.append([pos1, pos2, pos3])
                arr[pos1], arr[pos2] = arr[pos2], arr[pos1]
                arr[pos1], arr[pos3] = arr[pos3], arr[pos1]

                pos.remove(pos2)

                if pos3 in pos:
                    pos.remove(pos3)

                if (arr[pos1] == pos1):
                    pos.remove(pos1)

            else:
                if (pos3 == pos[0]):
                    it = 0

                    if (pos[0] != pos[-1]):
                        it = it + 1
                        pos3 = pos[it]

                        if (pos[it] != pos[-1] and
                               pos3 == pos2):
                            it = it + 1
                            pos3 = pos[it]

                        elif (pos[it] == pos[-1] and
                                 pos3 == pos2):
                            flag = True
                            break

                    else:
                        flag = True
                        break

                indices.append([pos1, pos2, pos3])
                arr[pos1], arr[pos2] = arr[pos2], arr[pos1]
                arr[pos1], arr[pos3] = arr[pos3], arr[pos1]
                pos.remove(pos2)

        if (arr[i] != i):
            i = i - 1

    if (flag == True or len(indices) > moves):
        print("Not Possible")
    else:

        # Inorder to see the indices that
        # were swapped in rotations,
        # uncomment the below code

        # for i in range len(indices):
        #    print (indices[i][0],
        #           indices[i][1], indices[i][2])
        print(len(indices))

# Driver code
s = "adceb"
arr = []

for i in s:
    arr.append(ord(i) - ord('a'))

sortString(arr, len(s), math.floor(len(s) / 2))

# This code is contributed by costheta_z

Java

// Java Program for sorting a
// string using cyclic shift
// of three indices
import java.util.*;

public class Main {

    public static void sortString(List<Integer> arr, int n, int moves) {
        List<Integer> pos = new ArrayList<>();
        // Store the indices which haven't attained its correct position
        List<List<Integer>> indices = new ArrayList<>();
        // Store the indices undergoing cyclic shifts
        boolean flag = false;

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        // If the element is not at
        // it's correct position
            if (arr.get(i) != i) {
                // Check if all 3 indices can be
                // placed to respective correct
                // indices in a single move
                if (arr.get(arr.get(arr.get(i))) == i && arr.get(arr.get(i)) != i) {
                    int temp = arr.get(arr.get(i));
                    indices.add(Arrays.asList(i, arr.get(i), arr.get(arr.get(i))));
                    Collections.swap(arr, i, arr.get(i));
                    Collections.swap(arr, i, temp);
                }
            }

            // If the i-th index is still
            // not present in its correct
            // position, store the index
            if (arr.get(i) != i) {
                pos.add(i);
            }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (arr.get(i) != i) {
                int pos1 = i, pos2 = arr.get(i);
                int pos3 = arr.get(arr.get(i));

                // To check if swapping two indices
                // places them in their correct
                // position
                if (pos3 != pos1) {
                    indices.add(Arrays.asList(pos1, pos2, pos3));
                    Collections.swap(arr, pos1, pos2);
                    Collections.swap(arr, pos1, pos3);
                    pos.remove((Integer) pos2);
                    pos.remove((Integer) pos3);
                    if (arr.get(pos1) == pos1) {
                        pos.remove((Integer) pos1);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    if (pos3 == pos.get(0)) {
                        if (pos.get(0) != pos.get(pos.size() - 1)) {
                            int index = pos.get(1);
                            pos3 = index;
                            if (index != pos.get(pos.size() - 1) && pos3 == pos2) {
                                pos3 = pos.get(2);
                            }
                            else if (index == pos.get(pos.size() - 1) && pos3 == pos2) {
                                flag = true;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                        else {
                            flag = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    indices.add(Arrays.asList(pos1, pos2, pos3));
                    Collections.swap(arr, pos1, pos2);
                    Collections.swap(arr, pos1, pos3);
                    pos.remove((Integer) pos2);
                }
            }
            if (arr.get(i) != i) {
                i--;
            }
        }

        if (flag || indices.size() > moves) {
            System.out.println("Not Possible");
        }
        else {
            System.out.println(indices.size());
            /* In order to see the indices that were swapped in rotations,
             * uncomment the below code
            for (List<Integer> index : indices) {
                System.out.println(index.get(0) + " " + index.get(1) + " " + index.get(2));
            }
            */
        }
    }

    //Driver code
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String s = "adceb";
        List<Integer> arr = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
            arr.add(s.charAt(i) - 'a');
        }
        sortString(arr, s.length(), s.length() / 2);
    }
}

// contributed by adityasha4x71

Javascript

function sortString(arr, n, moves) {
  let indices = [];

  let flag = false;

  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (arr[i] !== i) {
      if (arr[arr[arr[i]]] === i && arr[arr[i]] !== i) {
        let temp = arr[arr[i]];
        indices.push([i, arr[i], arr[arr[i]]]);
        [arr[i], arr[arr[i]]] = [arr[arr[i]], arr[i]];
        [arr[i], arr[temp]] = [arr[temp], arr[i]];
      }
    }
    if (arr[i] !== i) {
      pos.push(i);
    }
  }

  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    if (arr[i] !== i) {
      let pos1 = i,
        pos2 = arr[i];
      let pos3 = arr[arr[i]];
      if (pos3 !== pos1) {
        indices.push([pos1, pos2, pos3]);
        [arr[pos1], arr[pos2]] = [arr[pos2], arr[pos1]];
        [arr[pos1], arr[pos3]] = [arr[pos3], arr[pos1]];
        pos.splice(pos.indexOf(pos2), 1);
        pos.splice(pos.indexOf(pos3), 1);
        if (arr[pos1] === pos1) {
          pos.splice(pos.indexOf(pos1), 1);
        }
      } else {
        if (pos3 === pos[0]) {
          if (pos[0] !== pos[pos.length - 1]) {
            let it = pos[1];
            pos3 = it;
            if (it !== pos[pos.length - 1] && pos3 === pos2) {
              pos3 = pos[2];
            } else if (it === pos[pos.length - 1] && pos3 === pos2) {
              flag = true;
              break;
            }
          } else {
            flag = true;
            break;
          }
        }
        indices.push([pos1, pos2, pos3]);
        [arr[pos1], arr[pos2]] = [arr[pos2], arr[pos1]];
        [arr[pos1], arr[pos3]] = [arr[pos3], arr[pos1]];
        pos.splice(pos.indexOf(pos2), 1);
      }
    }
    if (arr[i] !== i) {
      i--;
    }
  }

  if (flag === true || indices.length > moves) {
    console.log("Not Possible");
  } else {
    console.log(indices.length);
  }
}

// Driver Code
let s = "adceb";
let arr = [];

for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
  arr.push(s.charCodeAt(i) - 97);
}

sortString(arr, s.length, Math.floor(s.length / 2));

Output

1

Time Complexity: O(n)

Space Complexity: O(n)