Shor’s Factorization Algorithm

Shor’s Factorization Algorithm:

• Shor’s Factorization Algorithm is proposed by Peter Shor.
• It suggests that quantum mechanics allows the factorization to be performed in polynomial time, rather than exponential time achieved after using classical algorithms.
• This could have a drastic impact on the field of data security, a concept based on the prime factorization of large numbers.
• Many polynomial-time algorithms for integer multiplication (e.g., Euclid’s Algorithm) do exist, but no polynomial-time algorithm for factorization exists.
• So, Shor came up with an algorithm i.e. Shor’s Factorization Algorithm, an algorithm for factorizing non-prime integers N of L bits.
• Quantum algorithms are far much better than classical algorithms because they are based on Quantum Fourier Transform.
• Run time on the classical computer is O[exp (L^1/3(log L)^2/3)] but that on the quantum computer is O(L³).
• So, Shor’s Algorithm in principle, shows that a quantum computer is capable of factoring very large numbers in polynomial time.

Shor’s Algorithm depends on:

• Modular Arithmetic
• Quantum Parallelism
• Quantum Fourier Transformation

The Algorithm stands as:

Given an odd composite number N, find an integer d, strictly between 1 and N, that divides N.

Shor’s Algorithm consists of the following two parts:

• Conversion of the problem of factorizing to the problem of finding the period. This part can be implemented with classical means.
• Finding the period or Quantum period finding using the Quantum Fourier Transform, and is responsible for quantum speedup, and utilizes quantum parallelism.

In Shor’s Algorithm, the Input is Non-prime number N and the Output is Non-trivial factor of N

INPUT (N) —> SHOR’S ALGORITHM —> OUTPUT (Non-trivial factor of N)

Algorithm: It contains a few steps, at only step 2 the use of quantum computers is required.

1. Choose any random number let say r, such that r < N so that they are co-primes of each other.
2. A quantum computer is used to determine the unknown period p of the function f_{r, N} (x) = r^x mod N.
3. If p is an odd integer, then go back to Step 1. Else move to the next step.
4. Since p is an even integer so, (r^p/2 – 1)(r^p/2 + 1) = r^p – 1 = 0 mod N.
5. Now, if the value of r^p/2 + 1 = 0 mod N, go back to Step 1.
6. If the value of r^p/2 + 1 != 0 mod N, Else move to the next step.
7. Compute d = gcd(r^p/2-1, N).
8. The answer required is ‘d’.

Classical part (The order finding problem):
This is the classical part of order finding problem. Given that x and N, such that x<N and gcd(x, N) = 1. The order of x is the least positive integer, y such that x^y = 1(mod N).

1. A random number n is picked, such that n < N. Compute gcd(n, N).
2. This can be done using the Euclid Algorithm.
3. If gcd(n, N) != 1, then there is a non-trivial factor of N.If (x+p) = n^{x + p} mod N = n^xmod N = f(x).
4. If r is odd, then go back to Step 1.
5. If n^p/2 = -1(mod N), then go back to Step 1.
6. The gcd(n^p/2 +/- 1, N) is a non-trivial factor of N.

Quantum part:

This is the quantum order finding part. Choose a power of 2, then
Q = 2L such that N² <= Q <= 2N²

And consider f = {0, 1, 2, …, Q-1}

Where, f(y)=1/(Q)^1/2 ∑_x=0^Q-1I f(x) I w^xy and w = exp(2π i/Q), i.e. Q^th root of unity.

• Let’s perform Shor’s Algorithm using an example: To factor an odd integer N (let N = 17).
• Choose an integer Q such that N² <= Q ≤ 2 N² ( lets Q = 324).
• Then, randomly choose any integer n such that gcd(n, N)=1, (let us choose the integer be n=7).
• Then create two quantum registers (these registers should be entangled so that the collapse of the input registered corresponds to the collapse of the output register)
  • Input Register: must be containing enough qubits to represent numbers as large as Q-1.(i.e., up to 323, so we need 9 qubits).
  • Output Register: must be containing enough qubits to represent numbers as large as (N – 1). (i.e., up to 16, so we require 4 qubits).

Code :

C++

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
#include <complex>
#include <qiskit/providers/ibmq/ibmqfactory.hpp>
#include <qiskit/aqua/algorithms/shor/shor.hpp>

using namespace std;
using namespace qiskit;

int main() {
    // Enter your API token here
    string apiToken = "ENTER_API_TOKEN_HERE";

    // Enable IBM Quantum Experience account
    IBMQ::enable_account(apiToken);

    // Get the IBM Quantum provider
    auto provider = IBMQ::get_provider("ibm-q");

    // Specifies the quantum device
    auto backend = provider.get_backend("ibmq_qasm_simulator");

    cout << "\n Shors Algorithm" << endl;
    cout << "--------------------" << endl;
    cout << "\nExecuting...\n" << endl;

    // Function to run Shor's algorithm
    // where 35 is the integer to be factored
    auto factors = shor(35);

    auto result_dict = factors.run(QuantumInstance(
        backend, 1, false
    ));

    // Get factors from results
    vector<complex<double>> result = result_dict["factors"];

    cout << "Result: ";
    for (const auto &factor : result) {
        cout << factor << " ";
    }

    cout << "\nPress any key to close" << endl;
    cin.get();

    return 0;
}

Java

//Java code to implement Shor’s Factorization Algorithm

import java.io.*;
import com.qiskit.providers.ibmq.IBMQ;
import com.qiskit.providers.ibmq.runtime.IBMRuntime;
import com.qiskit.providers.ibmq.runtime.QiskitRuntime;
import com.qiskit.providers.ibmq.runtime.RunConfig;
import com.qiskit.providers.ibmq.runtime.RunConfigBuilder;
import com.qiskit.providers.ibmq.runtime.RunResult;
import com.qiskit.providers.ibmq.runtime.RunResultData;

class GFG {
    public static void main (String[] args) {
       // Enter your API token here
        String apiToken = "ENTER API TOKEN HERE";

        // Enable IBM Quantum Experience account
        IBMQ.enableAccount(apiToken);

        // Get the IBM Quantum provider
        IBMRuntime ibmRuntime = IBMQ.getRuntime();

        // Specifies the quantum device
        String backendName = "ibmq_qasm_simulator";

        // Print a message
        System.out.println("\n Shor's Algorithm");
        System.out.println("--------------------");
        System.out.println("\nExecuting...\n");

        // Function to run Shor's algorithm
        // where 35 is the integer to be factored
        int numberToFactorize = 35;

        RunConfig runConfig = new RunConfigBuilder()
                .backend(backendName)
                .shots(1)
                .build();

        QiskitRuntime shorRuntime = ibmRuntime.run(
                Shor.class.getName(),
                RunConfig.class.getName(),
                runConfig,
                new int[]{numberToFactorize});

        // Wait for the runtime to finish
        shorRuntime.await();

        // Get the result from the runtime
        RunResult runResult = shorRuntime.getResult();
        RunResultData resultData = runResult.getData();

        // Get factors from results
        Object[] result = (Object[]) resultData.get("factors");

        // Print the result
        System.out.println(result[0]);

        // Print a message to close
        System.out.println("\nPress any key to close");
    }
}
// This code is contributed by Pranay Arora

Python

from qiskit import IBMQ
from qiskit.aqua import QuantumInstance
from qiskit.aqua.algorithms import Shor

# Enter your API token here
IBMQ.enable_account('ENTER API TOKEN HERE')
provider = IBMQ.get_provider(hub='ibm-q')

# Specifies the quantum device
backend = provider.get_backend('ibmq_qasm_simulator')

print('\n Shors Algorithm')
print('--------------------')
print('\nExecuting...\n')

# Function to run Shor's algorithm
# where 35 is the integer to be factored
factors = Shor(35)

result_dict = factors.run(QuantumInstance(
    backend, shots=1, skip_qobj_validation=False))

 # Get factors from results
result = result_dict['factors']

print(result)
print('\nPress any key to close')
input()

C#

using System;
using IBM.Quantum.IBMQ;
using IBM.Quantum.IBMQ.Runtime;
using IBM.Quantum.IBMQ.Runtime.Jobs;
using IBM.Quantum.IBMQ.Runtime.Utils;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

class GFG
{
    static async Task Main(string[] args)
    {
        // Enter your API token here
        string apiToken = "ENTER API TOKEN HERE";

        // Enable IBM Quantum Experience account
        IBMQ.IBQAccountToken = apiToken;

        // Get the IBM Quantum provider
        IBMRuntime ibmRuntime = IBMQ.GetIBMRuntime();

        // Specifies the quantum device
        string backendName = "ibmq_qasm_simulator";

        // Print a message
        Console.WriteLine("\n Shor's Algorithm");
        Console.WriteLine("--------------------");
        Console.WriteLine("\nExecuting...\n");

        // Function to run Shor's algorithm
        // where 35 is the integer to be factored
        int numberToFactorize = 35;

        RunConfig runConfig = new RunConfigBuilder()
                .Backend(backendName)
                .Shots(1)
                .Build();

        QiskitRuntime shorRuntime = await ibmRuntime.RunAsync(
            typeof(Shor).FullName,
            typeof(RunConfig).FullName,
            runConfig,
            new object[] { numberToFactorize });

        // Wait for the runtime to finish
        await shorRuntime.AwaitCompletionAsync();

        // Get the result from the runtime
        RunResult runResult = shorRuntime.GetResult();
        RunResultData resultData = runResult.GetData();

        // Get factors from results
        object[] result = (object[])resultData.Get("factors");

        // Print the result
        Console.WriteLine(result[0]);

        // Print a message to close
        Console.WriteLine("\nPress any key to close");
    }
}

Javascript

// Import necessary libraries
const { IBMQ } = require('ibm-q');
const { Shor } = require('qiskit.algorithms');

// Function to run Shor's algorithm
async function runShorsAlgorithm() {
    try {
        // Enter your API token here
        const apiToken = 'ENTER API TOKEN HERE';

        // Enable IBM Quantum Experience account
        await IBMQ.enableAccount(apiToken);

        // Get the IBM Quantum provider
        const ibmRuntime = IBMQ.getRuntime();

        // Specifies the quantum device
        const backendName = 'ibmq_qasm_simulator';

        // Print a message
        console.log('\n Shor\'s Algorithm');
        console.log('--------------------');
        console.log('\nExecuting...\n');

        // Define the number to factorize
        const numberToFactorize = 35;

        // Define run configuration
        const runConfig = {
            backend: backendName,
            shots: 1
        };

        // Run Shor's algorithm
        const shorRuntime = await ibmRuntime.run(
            Shor,
            runConfig,
            [numberToFactorize]
        );

        // Wait for the runtime to finish
        await shorRuntime.await();

        // Get the result from the runtime
        const runResult = await shorRuntime.getResult();
        const resultData = runResult.getData();

        // Get factors from results
        const factors = resultData.get('factors');

        // Print the result
        console.log(factors[0]);

        // Print a message to close
        console.log('\nPress any key to close');
    } catch (error) {
        console.error('Error:', error);
    }
}

// Run the Shor's algorithm function
runShorsAlgorithm();

Output :

Shors Algorithm
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
Executing...
[[5,7]]
Press any key to close

Output for the code above showing the factors 5 and 7 for N=35.

Time Complexity : O(1)

Space Complexity : O(1)