In any object-oriented programming language, Overriding is a feature that allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method or field that is already provided by one of its super-classes. In Scala, Overriding is further explicitly stated in comparison to Overriding in Java, as here both methods as well as Fields can be overridden but it has a few restrictions which are obligatory to follow.
Rules for the Field Overriding
The rules for the field overriding are as follows:
- The one of the foremost rule is that we must utilize the keyword override or override notation while overriding the fields of the super-class in the sub-classes otherwise the compiler will throw an error and will terminate the execution of the program.
- In order to execute a Field Overriding, we need to override variables that are declared utilizing only the val keyword in both super class as well as sub-classes.
- Field overriding cannot override var, because we can both read as well as write var.
Now, lets see some examples to illustrate these restrictions.
Example :
// Scala program of Field // Overriding // Creating class class Shapes { // Creating a variable with // val keyword val description:String = "shape"} // Creating a subclass class shape_1 extends Shapes { // Overriding field using // 'override' keyword override val description:String ="It is a circle." // Defining a method def display() { // Displays output println(description) } } // Creating a subclass class shape_2 extends Shapes { // overriding field using // 'override' keyword override val description:String ="It is a square." // Defining a method def display() { // Displays output println(description) } } // Creating object object GfG { // Main method def main(args:Array[String]) { // Creating instances for all // the sub-classes var x = new shape_1() var y = new shape_2() // Calling methods x.display() y.display() } } |
It is a circle. It is a square.
Now, we can see in above example that val is utilized in both super class and subclass so, overriding of the field was practicable otherwise it would have thrown an error. Here, the field in the super class is val which is overridden in the sub-classes using the override keyword.
Example :
// Scala program of Field // Overriding // Creating class class Shapes { // Creating a variable with // val keyword val description:String = "shape"} // Creating a subclass class shape_1 extends Shapes { // Overriding field using // 'override' keyword override var description:String ="It is a circle." // Defining a method def display() { // Displays output println(description) } } // Creating a subclass class shape_2 extends Shapes { // overriding field using // 'override' keyword override var description:String ="It is a square." // Defining a method def display() { // Displays output println(description) } } // Creating object object GfG { // Main method def main(args:Array[String]) { // Creating instances for all // the sub-classes var x = new shape_1() var y = new shape_2() // Calling methods x.display() y.display() } } |
prog.scala:17: error: overriding value description in class Shapes of type String;
variable description needs to be a stable, immutable value
override var description:String =”It is a circle.”
^
prog.scala:32: error: overriding value description in class Shapes of type String;
variable description needs to be a stable, immutable value
override var description:String =”It is a square.”
^
two errors found
It is the same example as above but here errors are found as here, var is used in the sub-classes to override the fields which is not possible as val cannot be overridden by the var as stated above.
Example :
// Scala program of Field // Overriding // Creating class class Animals { // Creating a variable with // 'var' keyword var number:Int = 2} // Creating a subclass class Cat extends Animals { // Overriding field using // 'override' keyword override var number:Int = 4 // Defining a method def show() { // Displays output println("We have " + number + " cats.") } } // Creatiing object object GfG { // Main method def main(args:Array[String]) { // Creating instance of the // sub-class var cat = new Cat() // Calling method cat.show() } } |
prog.scala:17: error: overriding variable number in class Animals of type Int;
variable number cannot override a mutable variable
override var number:Int = 4
^
one error found
Here, var is utilized for overriding fields which is not possible as stated in the above rules so, an error is found.
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