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Reduce the array to a single element with the given operation

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Given an integer N and an array arr containing integers from 1 to N in a sorted fashion. The task is to reduce the array to a single element by performing the following operation: 
All the elements in the odd positions will be removed after a single operation. This operation will be performed until only a single element is left int the array and it prints that element at the end.

Examples:  

Input: N = 3 
Output:
Initially the array will be arr[] = {1, 2, 3} 
After the 1st operation, ‘1’ and ‘3’ will be removed and the array becomes arr[] = {2} 
So 2 is the only element left at the end.

Input: N = 6 
Output:
arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 
After the first iteration, the array becomes {2, 4, 6} 
After the second iteration, the array becomes {4} 
So 4 is the last element.  

Approach: For this kind of problem:  

  • Write multiple test cases and the respective output.
  • Analyze the output for the given input and the relation between them.
  • Once we find the relation we will try to express it in the form of a mathematical expression if possible.
  • Write the code/algorithm for the above expression.

So let’s create a table for the given input N and its respective output. 

Input(N) Output
3 2
4 4
6 4
8 8
12 8
20 16
   

Analyzed Relation: The output is at 2i. Using the above table, we can create the output table for the range of inputs. 

Input(N) Output
2-3 2
4-7 4
8-15 8
16-31 16
32-63 32
2i – 2i + 1 – 1 2i

Below is the implementation of the above approach:  

C++




// C++ implementation of the approach
 
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Function to return the final element
long getFinalElement(long n)
{
    long finalNum;
    for (finalNum = 2; finalNum * 2 <= n; finalNum *= 2)
            ;
    return finalNum;
}
 
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
       int N = 12;
    cout << getFinalElement(N) ;
    
   return 0;
}
// This code is contributed by Ryuga


Java




// Java implementation of the approach
class OddPosition {
 
    // Function to return the final element
    public static long getFinalElement(long n)
    {
        long finalNum;
        for (finalNum = 2; finalNum * 2 <= n; finalNum *= 2)
            ;
        return finalNum;
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int N = 12;
        System.out.println(getFinalElement(N));
    }
}


Python3




# Python 3 implementation of the approach
 
# Function to return the final element
def getFinalElement(n):
 
    finalNum = 2
    while finalNum * 2 <= n:
        finalNum *= 2
    return finalNum
 
# Driver code
if __name__ =="__main__":
 
    N = 12
    print( getFinalElement(N))
 
# This code is contributed
# by ChitraNayal


C#




// C# implementation of the approach
using System;
 
public class GFG{
     
    // Function to return the final element
    public static long getFinalElement(long n)
    {
        long finalNum;
        for (finalNum = 2; finalNum * 2 <= n; finalNum *= 2)
            ;
        return finalNum;
    }
 
    // Driver code
    static public void Main (){
        int N = 12;
        Console.WriteLine(getFinalElement(N));
    }
}


PHP




<?php
//PHP implementation of the approach
 
// Function to return the final element
function  getFinalElement($n)
{
    $finalNum=0;
    for ($finalNum = 2; ($finalNum * 2) <= $n; $finalNum *= 2) ;
         
    return $finalNum;
}
 
 
// Driver code
    $N = 12;
    echo  getFinalElement($N) ;
     
     
// This code is contributed by akt_mit
?>


Javascript




<script>
// Javascript implementation of the approach
     
    // Function to return the final element
    function getFinalElement(n)
    {
        let finalNum;
        for (finalNum = 2; finalNum * 2 <= n; finalNum *= 2)
            ;
        return finalNum;
    }
     
    // Driver code
    let N = 12;
    document.write(getFinalElement(N));
     
// This code is contributed by avanitrachhadiya2155
</script>
 
    


Output: 

8

 

Time Complexity: O(logN), since every time the finalNum value is becoming twice its current value.
Auxiliary Space: O(1), since no extra space has been taken.



Last Updated : 02 Jul, 2022
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