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R – Statistics

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Statistics is a form of mathematical analysis that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. Statistical analysis helps to make the best use of the vast data available and improves the efficiency of solutions.

R – Statistics

R Programming Language is used for environment statistical computing and graphics. The following is an introduction to basic R Statistics concepts like normal distribution (bell curve), central tendency (the mean, median, and mode), variability (25%, 50%, 75% quartiles), variance, standard deviation, modality, and skewness.

Data Concepts 

Data can be formed in different structures and different formats, before starting the concepts of R Statistics we need to know the data formats.

These are some formats:

Statistics in R

Plotting graphs in Statistics in R Programming Language

Following is a list of functions that are required to plot graphs for the representation of R Statistics data: 

  • plot() Function: This function is used to Draw a scatter plot with axes and titles.

Syntax:

plot(x, y = NULL, ylim = NULL, xlim = NULL, type = “b”….)

  • data() function: This function is used to load specified data sets.

Syntax:

data(list = character(), lib.loc = NULL, package = NULL…..)

  • table() Function: The table function is used to build a contingency table of the counts at each combination of factor levels.
table(x, row.names = NULL, ...)
  • barplot() Function: It creates a bar plot with vertical/horizontal bars.

Syntax:

barplot(height, width = 1, names.arg = NULL, space = NULL…)

  • pie() Function: This function is used to create a pie chart.

Syntax:

pie(x, labels = names(x), radius = 0.6, edges = 100, clockwise = TRUE …)

  • hist() Function: The function hist() creates a histogram of the given data values. 

Syntax:

hist(x, breaks = “Sturges”, probability = !freq, freq = NULL,…)

Note: You can find the information about each function using the “?” symbol before the beginning of each function.

R built-in datasets are very useful to start with and develop skills, So we will be using a few Built-in datasets. Let’s start by creating a simple bar chart by using chickwts dataset and learn how to use datasets and few functions of RStudio for R Statistics.

Bar charts

A Bar chart represents categorical data with rectangular bars where the bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. 

R




# ? is used before a function
# to get help on that function
?plot       
?chickwts   
data(chickwts) #loading data into workspace
plot(chickwts$feed) # plot feed from chickwts


Output:

gh

R – Statistics

In the above code ‘?’ in front of a particular function means that it gives information about that function with its syntax. In R ‘#’ is used for commenting single line and there is no multiline comment in R. Here we are using chickwts as the dataset and feed is the attribute in the dataset.

Plots graph in decreasing order

R




feeds=table(chickwts$feed)
 
# plots graph in decreasing order
barplot(feeds[order(feeds, decreasing=TRUE)])


Output: 

gh

R – Statistics

Plots Horizontal bars

R




feeds = table(chickwts$feed)
 
# Set outside margins (bottom, left, top, right).
par(oma=c(1, 1, 1, 1))                        
par(mar=c(4, 5, 2, 1))                        
 
# Use las for the orientation of axis labels.
barplot(feeds[order(feeds, decreasing=TRUE)],
        xlab="Number of chicks", las=1, col="yellow")
 
# Use horiz for bars to be shown as horizontal.
barplot(feeds[order(feeds)], horiz=TRUE,
        xlab="Number of chicks", las=1, col="yellow")


Output: 

gh

R – Statistics

Pie charts

A pie chart is a circular statistical graph that is divided into slices to show the different sizes of the data.

R




data("chickwts")
 
# main is used to create
# an heading for the chart
d = table(chickwts$feed)           
 
pie(d[order(d, decreasing=TRUE)],
    clockwise=TRUE,
    main="Pie Chart of feeds from chichwits", )


Output: 

gh

R – Statistics

Histograms

Histograms are the representation of the distribution of data(numerical or categorical). It is similar to a bar chart but it groups data in terms of ranges. 

R




# break is used for number of bins.
data(lynx)
 
# lynx is a built-in dataset.
lynx    
 
# hist function is used to plot histogram.
hist(lynx)
hist(lynx, col="green",
     main="Histogram of Annual Canadian Lynx Trappings")


Output :

Time Series:
Start = 1821
End = 1934
Frequency = 1
[1] 269 321 585 871 1475 2821 3928 5943 4950 2577 523 98 184
[14] 279 409 2285 2685 3409 1824 409 151 45 68 213 546 1033
[27] 2129 2536 957 361 377 225 360 731 1638 2725 2871 2119 684
[40] 299 236 245 552 1623 3311 6721 4254 687 255 473 358 784
[53] 1594 1676 2251 1426 756 299 201 229 469 736 2042 2811 4431
[66] 2511 389 73 39 49 59 188 377 1292 4031 3495 587 105
[79] 153 387 758 1307 3465 6991 6313 3794 1836 345 382 808 1388
[92] 2713 3800 3091 2985 3790 674 81 80 108 229 399 1132 2432
[105] 3574 2935 1537 529 485 662 1000 1590 2657 3396
gh

R – Statistics

Plot The Distribution

R




data(lynx)
 
# if freq=FALSE this will draw normal distribution
hist(lynx)
hist(lynx,col="green",
     freq=FALSE ,main="Histogram of Annual Canadian Lynx Trappings")
 
curve(dnorm(x, mean=mean(lynx),
            sd=sd(lynx)), col="red",
      lwd=2, add=TRUE)


Output:

gh

R – Statistics

Box Plots

Box Plot is a function for graphically depicting groups of numerical data using quartiles. It represents the distribution of data and understanding mean, median, and variance.

R




# USJudgeRatings is Built-in Dataset.
?USJudgeRatings                       
 
# ylim is used to specify the range.
boxplot(USJudgeRatings$RTEN, horizontal=TRUE,
        xlab="Lawyers Rating", notch=TRUE,
        ylim=c(0, 10), col="pink")


Output:

gh

R – Statistics

USJudgeRating is a Build-in dataset with 6 attributes and RTEN is one of the attribute among it which is rating between 0 to 10 inclusive. We used it to for plotting a boxplot with different attributes of boxplot function. 



Last Updated : 22 Feb, 2024
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