R language is mostly used for the statistics and data analytics purpose to represent the data graphically in the software. To represent those data graphically, charts and graphs are used in R.
There are hundreds of charts and graphs present in R. For example, bar plot, box plot, mosaic plot, dot chart, coplot, histogram, pie chart, scatter graph, etc.
Below are the basic charts and graphs in R:
Bar Plot or Bar Chart
Bar plot or Bar Chart in R is used to represent the values in data vector as height of the bars. The data vector passed to the function is represented over y-axis of the graph. Bar chart can behave like histogram by using table() function instead of data vector.
Syntax:
barplot(data, xlab, ylab)
where,
data is the data vector to be represented on y-axis
xlab is the label given to x-axis
ylab is the label given to y-axis
Note: To know about more optional parameters in barplot() function, use below command in R console:
help("barplot")
Example:
# defining vectorx <- c(7, 15, 23, 12, 44, 56, 32) # output to be present as PNG filepng(file = "barplot.png") # plotting vectorbarplot(x, xlab = "GeeksforGeeks Audience", ylab = "Count", col = "white", col.axis = "darkgreen", col.lab = "darkgreen") # saving the filedev.off() |
Output:
Pie Diagram or Pie Chart
Pie chart is circular chart divided into different segments according to the ratio of data provided. The total value of pie is 100 and the segments tells the fraction of the whole pie. It is another method to represent statistical data in graphical form and pie() function is used to perform the same.
Syntax:
pie(x, labels, col, main, radius)
where,
x is data vector
labels shows names given to slices
col fills the color in the slices as given parameter
main shows title name of the pie chart
radius indicates radius of the pie chart. It can be between -1 to +1
Note: To know about more optional parameters in pie() function, use below command in R console:
help("pie")
Example:
Assume, vector x indicates the number of articles present on GeeksforGeeks portal in categories names(x)
# defining vector x with number of articlesx <- c(210, 450, 250, 100, 50, 90) # defining labels for each value in xnames(x) <- c("Algo", "DS", "Java", "C", "C++", "Python") # output to be present as PNG filepng(file = "piechart.png") # creating pie chartpie(x, labels = names(x), col = "white", main = "Articles on GeeksforGeeks", radius = -1,col.main = "darkgreen") # saving the filedev.off() |
Output:
Pie chart in 3D can also be created in R by using following syntax but requires plotrix library.
Syntax:
pie3D(x, labels, radius, main)
Note: To know about more optional parameters in pie3D() function, use below command in R console:
help("pie3D")
Example:
# importing library plotrix for pie3D()library(plotrix)# defining vector x with number of articlesx <- c(210, 450, 250, 100, 50, 90) # defining labels for each value in xnames(x) <- c("Algo", "DS", "Java", "C", "C++", "Python") # output to be present as PNG filepng(file = "piechart3d.png") # creating pie chartpie3D(x, labels = names(x), col = "white", main = "Articles on GeeksforGeeks",labelcol = "darkgreen", col.main = "darkgreen") # saving the filedev.off() |
Output:
Histogram
Histogram is a graphical representation used to create a graph with bars representing the frequency of grouped data in vector. Histogram is same as bar chart but only difference between them is histogram represents frequency of grouped data rather than data itself.
Syntax:
hist(x, col, border, main, xlab, ylab)
where,
x is data vector
col specifies the color of the bars to be filled
border specifies the color of border of bars
main specifies the title name of histogram
xlab specifies the x-axis label
ylab specifies the y-axis label
Note: To know about more optional parameters in hist() function, use below command in R console:
help("hist")
Example:
# defining vectorx <- c(21, 23, 56, 90, 20, 7, 94, 12, 57, 76, 69, 45, 34, 32, 49, 55, 57) # output to be present as PNG filepng(file = "hist.png") # hist(x, main = "Histogram of Vector x", xlab = "Values", col.lab = "darkgreen", col.main = "darkgreen") # saving the filedev.off() |
Output:
Scatter Plot
Scatter plot is another type of graphical representation used to plot the points to show relationship between two data vectors. One of the data vector is represented on x-axis and another on y-axis.
Syntax:
plot(x, y, type, xlab, ylab, main)
Where,
x is the data vector represented on x-axis
y is the data vector represented on y-axis
type specifies the type of plot to be drawn. For example, “l” for lines, “p” for points, “s” for stair steps, etc.
xlab specifies the label for x-axis
ylab specifies the label for y-axis
main specifies the title name of the graph
Note: To know about more optional parameters in plot() function, use below command in R console:
help("plot")
Example:
# taking input from dataset Orange already present in Rorange <- Orange[, c('age', 'circumference')] # output to be present as PNG filepng(file = "plot.png") # plottingplot(x = orange$age, y = orange$circumference, xlab = "Age",ylab = "Circumference", main = "Age VS Circumference",col.lab = "darkgreen", col.main = "darkgreen",col.axis = "darkgreen") # saving the filedev.off() |
Output:
If a scatter plot has to be drawn to show relation between 2 or more vectors or to plot the scatter plot matrix between the vectors, then pairs() function is used to satisfy the criteria.
Syntax for basic use of pairs() function
pairs(~formula, data)
where,
~formula is the mathematical formula such as ~a+b+c
data is the dataset form where data is taken in formula
Note: To know about more optional parameters in pairs() function, use below command in R console:
help("pairs")
Example :
# output to be present as PNG filepng(file = "plotmatrix.png") # plotting scatterplot matrix # using dataset Orangepairs(~age + circumference, data = Orange, col.axis = "darkgreen") # saving the filedev.off() |
Output:
Box Plot
Box plot shows how the data is distributed in the data vector. It represents five values in the graph i.e., minimum, first quartile, second quartile(median), third quartile, the maximum value of the data vector.
Syntax:
boxplot(x, xlab, ylab, notch)
where,
x specifies the data vector
xlab specifies the label for x-axis
ylab specifies the label for y-axis
notch, if TRUE then creates notch on both the sides of the box
Note: To know about more optional parameters in boxplot() function, use below command in R console:
help("boxplot")
Example:
# defining vector with ages of employeesx <- c(42, 21, 22, 24, 25, 30, 29, 22, 23, 23, 24, 28, 32, 45, 39, 40) # output to be present as PNG filepng(file = "boxplot.png") # plottingboxplot(x, xlab = "Box Plot", ylab = "Age",col.axis = "darkgreen", col.lab = "darkgreen") # saving the filedev.off() |
Output:
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