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Shortest Remaining Time First (Preemptive SJF) Scheduling Algorithm

In previous post, we have discussed Set 1 of SJF i.e. non-pre-emptive. In this post we will discuss the pre-emptive version of SJF known as Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF).

In the Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF) scheduling algorithm, the process with the smallest amount of time remaining until completion is selected to execute. Since the currently executing process is the one with the shortest amount of time remaining by definition, and since that time should only reduce as execution progresses, processes will always run until they complete or a new process is added that requires a smaller amount of time.

Examples to show working of Pre-emptive Shortest Job First CPU Scheduling Algorithm:

Example-1: Consider the following table of arrival time and burst time for five processes P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5

Process Burst Time Arrival Time
 P1    6 ms 2 ms
 P2  2 ms 5 ms
 P3  8 ms 1 ms
 P4  3 ms 0 ms
 P5  4 ms 4 ms

The Shortest Job First CPU Scheduling Algorithm will work on the basis of steps as mentioned below:

At time = 0,

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
0-1ms P4 0ms   1ms 3ms 2ms

At time= 1, 

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
1-2ms P4 0ms         P3 1ms 2ms 1ms
P3 1ms 0ms 8ms 8ms

At time =2, 

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
2-3ms P4 0ms       P3, P1 1ms 1ms 0ms
P3 1ms 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 6ms 6ms

At time = 3, 

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
3-4ms P3 1ms

    

          P3

0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 1ms 6ms 5ms

At time = 4, 

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
4-5ms P3 1ms        P3, P1 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 5ms 5ms
P5 4ms 1ms 4ms 3ms

At time = 5, 

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
5-6ms P3 1ms    P3, P5, P1 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 5ms 5ms
P5 4ms 0ms 3ms 3ms
P2 5ms 1ms 2ms 1ms

At time = 6, 

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
6-7ms P3 1ms

P3, P5, P1

0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 5ms 5ms
P5 4ms 0ms 3ms 3ms
P2 5ms 1ms 1ms 0ms

At time=7, 

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
7-10ms P3 1ms P3, P1 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 5ms 5ms
P5 4ms 3ms 3ms 0ms

At time = 10, 

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
10-15ms P3 1ms         P3 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 4ms 4ms 5ms 0ms

At time = 15,

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
15-23ms P3 1ms   8ms 8ms 0ms

At time = 23, 

Time Instance Process Arrival Time Waiting Table Execution Time Initial Burst Time Remaining Burst 
Time
0-1ms P4 0ms   1ms 3ms 2ms
1-2ms P4 0ms         P3 1ms 2ms 1ms
P3 1ms 0ms 8ms 8ms
2-3ms P4 0ms       P3, P1 1ms 1ms 0ms
P3 1ms 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 6ms 6ms
3-4ms P3 1ms

    

        P3

0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 1ms 6ms 5ms
4-5ms P3 1ms        P3, P1 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 5ms 5ms
P5 4ms 1ms 4ms 3ms
5-6ms P3 1ms    P3, P5, P1 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 5ms 5ms
P5 4ms 0ms 3ms 3ms
P2 5ms 1ms 2ms 1ms
6-7ms P3 1ms    P3, P5, P1 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 5ms 5ms
P5 4ms 0ms 3ms 3ms
P2 5ms 1ms 1ms 0ms
7-10ms P3 1ms    P3, P1 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 2ms 0ms 5ms 5ms
P5 4ms 3ms 3ms 0ms
10-15ms P3 1ms         P3 0ms 8ms 8ms
P1 4ms 4ms 5ms 0ms
15-23ms P3 1ms   8ms 8ms 0ms

Gantt chart for above execution:

Gantt chart for SRTF

Now, lets calculate average waiting time and turn around time:

As we know,

Process   Completion Time  Turn Around Time  Waiting Time
 P1   15 15-2 = 13 13-6 = 7
 P2 7 7-5 = 2 2-2 = 0
 P3 23 23-1 = 22 22-8 = 14
 P4 3 3-0 = 3 3-3 = 0
 P5 10 10-4 = 6 6-4 = 2

Now, 

Some of the key characteristics of SRTF 

Implementation of SRTF Algorithm: 

Approach:

 Program to implement Shortest Remaining Time First:




// C++ program to implement Shortest Remaining Time First
// Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF)
 
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
struct Process {
    int pid; // Process ID
    int bt; // Burst Time
    int art; // Arrival Time
};
 
// Function to find the waiting time for all
// processes
void findWaitingTime(Process proc[], int n,
                                int wt[])
{
    int rt[n];
 
    // Copy the burst time into rt[]
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        rt[i] = proc[i].bt;
 
    int complete = 0, t = 0, minm = INT_MAX;
    int shortest = 0, finish_time;
    bool check = false;
 
    // Process until all processes gets
    // completed
    while (complete != n) {
 
        // Find process with minimum
        // remaining time among the
        // processes that arrives till the
        // current time`
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            if ((proc[j].art <= t) &&
            (rt[j] < minm) && rt[j] > 0) {
                minm = rt[j];
                shortest = j;
                check = true;
            }
        }
 
        if (check == false) {
            t++;
            continue;
        }
 
        // Reduce remaining time by one
        rt[shortest]--;
 
        // Update minimum
        minm = rt[shortest];
        if (minm == 0)
            minm = INT_MAX;
 
        // If a process gets completely
        // executed
        if (rt[shortest] == 0) {
 
            // Increment complete
            complete++;
            check = false;
 
            // Find finish time of current
            // process
            finish_time = t + 1;
 
            // Calculate waiting time
            wt[shortest] = finish_time -
                        proc[shortest].bt -
                        proc[shortest].art;
 
            if (wt[shortest] < 0)
                wt[shortest] = 0;
        }
        // Increment time
        t++;
    }
}
 
// Function to calculate turn around time
void findTurnAroundTime(Process proc[], int n,
                        int wt[], int tat[])
{
    // calculating turnaround time by adding
    // bt[i] + wt[i]
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        tat[i] = proc[i].bt + wt[i];
}
 
// Function to calculate average time
void findavgTime(Process proc[], int n)
{
    int wt[n], tat[n], total_wt = 0,
                    total_tat = 0;
 
    // Function to find waiting time of all
    // processes
    findWaitingTime(proc, n, wt);
 
    // Function to find turn around time for
    // all processes
    findTurnAroundTime(proc, n, wt, tat);
 
    // Display processes along with all
    // details
    cout << " P\t\t"
        << "BT\t\t"
        << "WT\t\t"
        << "TAT\t\t\n";
 
    // Calculate total waiting time and
    // total turnaround time
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        total_wt = total_wt + wt[i];
        total_tat = total_tat + tat[i];
        cout << " " << proc[i].pid << "\t\t"
            << proc[i].bt << "\t\t " << wt[i]
            << "\t\t " << tat[i] << endl;
    }
 
    cout << "\nAverage waiting time = "
        << (float)total_wt / (float)n;
    cout << "\nAverage turn around time = "
        << (float)total_tat / (float)n;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    Process proc[] = { { 1, 6, 2 }, { 2, 2, 5 },
                    { 3, 8, 1 }, { 4, 3, 0}, {5, 4, 4} };
    int n = sizeof(proc) / sizeof(proc[0]);
 
    findavgTime(proc, n);
    return 0;
}




// Java program to implement Shortest Remaining Time First
// Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF)
 
class Process
{
    int pid; // Process ID
    int bt; // Burst Time
    int art; // Arrival Time
     
    public Process(int pid, int bt, int art)
    {
        this.pid = pid;
        this.bt = bt;
        this.art = art;
    }
}
 
public class GFG
{
    // Method to find the waiting time for all
    // processes
    static void findWaitingTime(Process proc[], int n,
                                     int wt[])
    {
        int rt[] = new int[n];
      
        // Copy the burst time into rt[]
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            rt[i] = proc[i].bt;
      
        int complete = 0, t = 0, minm = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
        int shortest = 0, finish_time;
        boolean check = false;
      
        // Process until all processes gets
        // completed
        while (complete != n) {
      
            // Find process with minimum
            // remaining time among the
            // processes that arrives till the
            // current time`
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
            {
                if ((proc[j].art <= t) &&
                  (rt[j] < minm) && rt[j] > 0) {
                    minm = rt[j];
                    shortest = j;
                    check = true;
                }
            }
      
            if (check == false) {
                t++;
                continue;
            }
      
            // Reduce remaining time by one
            rt[shortest]--;
      
            // Update minimum
            minm = rt[shortest];
            if (minm == 0)
                minm = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
      
            // If a process gets completely
            // executed
            if (rt[shortest] == 0) {
      
                // Increment complete
                complete++;
                check = false;
      
                // Find finish time of current
                // process
                finish_time = t + 1;
      
                // Calculate waiting time
                wt[shortest] = finish_time -
                             proc[shortest].bt -
                             proc[shortest].art;
      
                if (wt[shortest] < 0)
                    wt[shortest] = 0;
            }
            // Increment time
            t++;
        }
    }
      
    // Method to calculate turn around time
    static void findTurnAroundTime(Process proc[], int n,
                            int wt[], int tat[])
    {
        // calculating turnaround time by adding
        // bt[i] + wt[i]
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            tat[i] = proc[i].bt + wt[i];
    }
      
    // Method to calculate average time
    static void findavgTime(Process proc[], int n)
    {
        int wt[] = new int[n], tat[] = new int[n];
        int  total_wt = 0, total_tat = 0;
      
        // Function to find waiting time of all
        // processes
        findWaitingTime(proc, n, wt);
      
        // Function to find turn around time for
        // all processes
        findTurnAroundTime(proc, n, wt, tat);
      
        // Display processes along with all
        // details
        System.out.println("Processes " +
                           " Burst time " +
                           " Waiting time " +
                           " Turn around time");
      
        // Calculate total waiting time and
        // total turnaround time
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            total_wt = total_wt + wt[i];
            total_tat = total_tat + tat[i];
            System.out.println(" " + proc[i].pid + "\t\t"
                             + proc[i].bt + "\t\t " + wt[i]
                             + "\t\t" + tat[i]);
        }
      
        System.out.println("Average waiting time = " +
                          (float)total_wt / (float)n);
        System.out.println("Average turn around time = " +
                           (float)total_tat / (float)n);
    }
     
    // Driver Method
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
         Process proc[] = { new Process(1, 6, 1),
                            new Process(2, 8, 1),
                            new Process(3, 7, 2),
                            new Process(4, 3, 3)};
         
         findavgTime(proc, proc.length);
    }
}




// C# program to implement Shortest Remaining Time First
// Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF)
 
using System;
 
public class Process
{
    public int pid; // Process ID
    public int bt; // Burst Time
    public int art; // Arrival Time
     
    public Process(int pid, int bt, int art)
    {
        this.pid = pid;
        this.bt = bt;
        this.art = art;
    }
}
 
public class GFG
{
    // Method to find the waiting
    // time for all processes
    static void findWaitingTime(Process []proc, int n,
                                    int []wt)
    {
        int []rt = new int[n];
     
        // Copy the burst time into rt[]
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            rt[i] = proc[i].bt;
     
        int complete = 0, t = 0, minm = int.MaxValue;
        int shortest = 0, finish_time;
        bool check = false;
     
        // Process until all processes gets
        // completed
        while (complete != n)
        {
     
            // Find process with minimum
            // remaining time among the
            // processes that arrives till the
            // current time`
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
            {
                if ((proc[j].art <= t) &&
                (rt[j] < minm) && rt[j] > 0)
                {
                    minm = rt[j];
                    shortest = j;
                    check = true;
                }
            }
     
            if (check == false)
            {
                t++;
                continue;
            }
     
            // Reduce remaining time by one
            rt[shortest]--;
     
            // Update minimum
            minm = rt[shortest];
            if (minm == 0)
                minm = int.MaxValue;
     
            // If a process gets completely
            // executed
            if (rt[shortest] == 0)
            {
     
                // Increment complete
                complete++;
                check = false;
     
                // Find finish time of current
                // process
                finish_time = t + 1;
     
                // Calculate waiting time
                wt[shortest] = finish_time -
                            proc[shortest].bt -
                            proc[shortest].art;
     
                if (wt[shortest] < 0)
                    wt[shortest] = 0;
            }
            // Increment time
            t++;
        }
    }
     
    // Method to calculate turn around time
    static void findTurnAroundTime(Process []proc, int n,
                            int []wt, int []tat)
    {
        // calculating turnaround time by adding
        // bt[i] + wt[i]
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
            tat[i] = proc[i].bt + wt[i];
    }
     
    // Method to calculate average time
    static void findavgTime(Process []proc, int n)
    {
        int []wt = new int[n];int []tat = new int[n];
        int total_wt = 0, total_tat = 0;
     
        // Function to find waiting time of all
        // processes
        findWaitingTime(proc, n, wt);
     
        // Function to find turn around time for
        // all processes
        findTurnAroundTime(proc, n, wt, tat);
     
        // Display processes along with all
        // details
        Console.WriteLine("Processes " +
                        " Burst time " +
                        " Waiting time " +
                        " Turn around time");
     
        // Calculate total waiting time and
        // total turnaround time
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            total_wt = total_wt + wt[i];
            total_tat = total_tat + tat[i];
            Console.WriteLine(" " + proc[i].pid + "\t\t"
                            + proc[i].bt + "\t\t " + wt[i]
                            + "\t\t" + tat[i]);
        }
     
        Console.WriteLine("Average waiting time = " +
                        (float)total_wt / (float)n);
        Console.WriteLine("Average turn around time = " +
                        (float)total_tat / (float)n);
    }
     
    // Driver Method
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        Process []proc = { new Process(1, 6, 1),
                            new Process(2, 8, 1),
                            new Process(3, 7, 2),
                            new Process(4, 3, 3)};
         
        findavgTime(proc, proc.Length);
    }
}
 
// This code has been contributed by 29AjayKumar




<script>
// Javascript program to implement
// Shortest Remaining Time First
// Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF)
 
class Process
{
    constructor(pid,bt,art)
    {
        this.pid = pid;    // Process ID
        this.bt = bt;    // Burst Time
        this.art = art;    // Arrival Time
    }
}
 
// Method to find the waiting time for all
    // processes
function findWaitingTime( proc,n,wt)
{
    let rt = new Array(n);
        
        // Copy the burst time into rt[]
        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
            rt[i] = proc[i].bt;
        
        let complete = 0, t = 0, minm = Number.MAX_VALUE;
        let shortest = 0, finish_time;
        let check = false;
        
        // Process until all processes gets
        // completed
        while (complete != n) {
        
            // Find process with minimum
            // remaining time among the
            // processes that arrives till the
            // current time`
            for (let j = 0; j < n; j++)
            {
                if ((proc[j].art <= t) &&
                  (rt[j] < minm) && rt[j] > 0) {
                    minm = rt[j];
                    shortest = j;
                    check = true;
                }
            }
        
            if (check == false) {
                t++;
                continue;
            }
        
            // Reduce remaining time by one
            rt[shortest]--;
        
            // Update minimum
            minm = rt[shortest];
            if (minm == 0)
                minm = Number.MAX_VALUE;
        
            // If a process gets completely
            // executed
            if (rt[shortest] == 0) {
        
                // Increment complete
                complete++;
                check = false;
        
                // Find finish time of current
                // process
                finish_time = t + 1;
        
                // Calculate waiting time
                wt[shortest] = finish_time -
                             proc[shortest].bt -
                             proc[shortest].art;
        
                if (wt[shortest] < 0)
                    wt[shortest] = 0;
            }
            // Increment time
            t++;
        }
}
 
// Method to calculate turn around time
function findTurnAroundTime(proc,n,wt,tat)
{
     // calculating turnaround time by adding
        // bt[i] + wt[i]
        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
            tat[i] = proc[i].bt + wt[i];
}
 
// Method to calculate average time
function findavgTime(proc,n)
{
    let wt = new Array(n), tat = new Array(n);
        let  total_wt = 0, total_tat = 0;
        
        // Function to find waiting time of all
        // processes
        findWaitingTime(proc, n, wt);
        
        // Function to find turn around time for
        // all processes
        findTurnAroundTime(proc, n, wt, tat);
        
        // Display processes along with all
        // details
        document.write("Processes " +
                           " Burst time " +
                           " Waiting time " +
                           " Turn around time<br>");
        
        // Calculate total waiting time and
        // total turnaround time
        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            total_wt = total_wt + wt[i];
            total_tat = total_tat + tat[i];
            document.write(" " + proc[i].pid +
            "      "
            + proc[i].bt + "    " + wt[i]
            + "    " + tat[i]+"<br>");
        }
        
        document.write("Average waiting time = " +
                          total_wt / n+"<br>");
        document.write("Average turn around time = " +
                           total_tat / n+"<br>");
}
 
// Driver Method
let proc=[new Process(1, 6, 1),
                            new Process(2, 8, 1),
                            new Process(3, 7, 2),
                            new Process(4, 3, 3)];
findavgTime(proc, proc.length);
 
 
// This code is contributed by rag2127
 
</script>




# Python3 program to implement Shortest Remaining Time First
# Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF)
 
# Function to find the waiting time
# for all processes
def findWaitingTime(processes, n, wt):
    rt = [0] * n
 
    # Copy the burst time into rt[]
    for i in range(n):
        rt[i] = processes[i][1]
    complete = 0
    t = 0
    minm = 999999999
    short = 0
    check = False
 
    # Process until all processes gets
    # completed
    while (complete != n):
         
        # Find process with minimum remaining
        # time among the processes that
        # arrives till the current time`
        for j in range(n):
            if ((processes[j][2] <= t) and
                (rt[j] < minm) and rt[j] > 0):
                minm = rt[j]
                short = j
                check = True
        if (check == False):
            t += 1
            continue
             
        # Reduce remaining time by one
        rt[short] -= 1
 
        # Update minimum
        minm = rt[short]
        if (minm == 0):
            minm = 999999999
 
        # If a process gets completely
        # executed
        if (rt[short] == 0):
 
            # Increment complete
            complete += 1
            check = False
 
            # Find finish time of current
            # process
            fint = t + 1
 
            # Calculate waiting time
            wt[short] = (fint - proc[short][1] -   
                                proc[short][2])
 
            if (wt[short] < 0):
                wt[short] = 0
         
        # Increment time
        t += 1
 
# Function to calculate turn around time
def findTurnAroundTime(processes, n, wt, tat):
     
    # Calculating turnaround time
    for i in range(n):
        tat[i] = processes[i][1] + wt[i]
 
# Function to calculate average waiting
# and turn-around times.
def findavgTime(processes, n):
    wt = [0] * n
    tat = [0] * n
 
    # Function to find waiting time
    # of all processes
    findWaitingTime(processes, n, wt)
 
    # Function to find turn around time
    # for all processes
    findTurnAroundTime(processes, n, wt, tat)
 
    # Display processes along with all details
    print("Processes    Burst Time     Waiting",
                    "Time     Turn-Around Time")
    total_wt = 0
    total_tat = 0
    for i in range(n):
 
        total_wt = total_wt + wt[i]
        total_tat = total_tat + tat[i]
        print(" ", processes[i][0], "\t\t",
                   processes[i][1], "\t\t",
                   wt[i], "\t\t", tat[i])
 
    print("\nAverage waiting time = %.5f "%(total_wt /n) )
    print("Average turn around time = ", total_tat / n)
     
# Driver code
if __name__ =="__main__":
     
    # Process id's
    proc = [[1, 6, 1], [2, 8, 1],
            [3, 7, 2], [4, 3, 3]]
    n = 4
    findavgTime(proc, n)
     
# This code is contributed
# Shubham Singh(SHUBHAMSINGH10)

Output
 P        BT        WT        TAT        
 1        6         7         13
 2        2         0         2
 3        8         14         22
 4        3         0         3
 5        4         2         6

Average waiting time = 4.6
Average turn around time = 9.2

Time Complexity: O(N)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)

Advantages: 

Disadvantages: 

Source:Wiki
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