Program for Next Fit algorithm in Memory Management

Prerequisite: Partition allocation methods

What is Next Fit?

The next fit is a modified version of ‘first fit’. It begins as the first fit to find a free partition but when called next time it starts searching from where it left off, not from the beginning. This policy makes use of a roving pointer. The pointer moves along the memory chain to search for the next fit. This helps in, to avoid the usage of memory always from the head (beginning) of the free blockchain. 

What is its advantage over first fit?

• First fit is a straight and fast algorithm, but tends to cut a large portion of free parts into small pieces due to which, processes that need a large portion of memory block would not get anything even if the sum of all small pieces is greater than it required which is so-called external fragmentation problem.
• Another problem of the first fit is that it tends to allocate memory parts at the beginning of the memory, which may lead to more internal fragments at the beginning. Next fit tries to address this problem by starting the search for the free portion of parts not from the start of the memory, but from where it ends last time.
• Next fit is a very fast searching algorithm and is also comparatively faster than First Fit and Best Fit Memory Management Algorithms.

Example:
Input :  blockSize[] = {5, 10, 20};
     processSize[] = {10, 20, 30};
Output:
Process No.     Process Size    Block no.
 1              10              2
 2              20              3
 3              30              Not Allocated

Algorithm:

1. Input the number of memory blocks and their sizes and initializes all the blocks as free.
2. Input the number of processes and their sizes.
3. Start by picking each process and check if it can be assigned to the current block, if yes, allocate the required memory and check for next process but from the block where we left not from starting.
4. If the current block size is smaller then keep checking the further blocks. 

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C/C++ program for next fit
// memory management algorithm
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Function to allocate memory to blocks as per Next fit
// algorithm
void NextFit(int blockSize[], int m, int processSize[], int n)
{
    // Stores block id of the block allocated to a
    // process
    int allocation[n], j = 0, t = m - 1;

    // Initially no block is assigned to any process
    memset(allocation, -1, sizeof(allocation));

    // pick each process and find suitable blocks
    // according to its size ad assign to it
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){

        // Do not start from beginning
        while (j < m){
            if(blockSize[j] >= processSize[i]){

                // allocate block j to p[i] process
                allocation[i] = j;

                // Reduce available memory in this block.
                blockSize[j] -= processSize[i];

                // sets a new end point
                t = (j - 1) % m;
                break;
            }
            if (t == j){
                // sets a new end point
                t = (j - 1) % m;
                // breaks the loop after going through all memory block
                break;
            }

            // mod m will help in traversing the
            // blocks from starting block after
            // we reach the end.
            j = (j + 1) % m;
        }
    }

    cout << "\nProcess No.\tProcess Size\tBlock no.\n";
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        cout << " " << i + 1 << "\t\t\t\t" << processSize[i]
            << "\t\t\t\t";
        if (allocation[i] != -1)
            cout << allocation[i] + 1;
        else
            cout << "Not Allocated";
        cout << endl;
    }
}

// Driver program
int main()
{
    int blockSize[] = { 5, 10, 20 };
    int processSize[] = { 10, 20, 5 };
    int m = sizeof(blockSize) / sizeof(blockSize[0]);
    int n = sizeof(processSize) / sizeof(processSize[0]);

    NextFit(blockSize, m, processSize, n);

    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program for next fit
// memory management algorithm
import java.util.*;

public class GFG {

// Function to allocate memory to blocks as per Next fit
// algorithm
    static void NextFit(int blockSize[], int m, int processSize[], int n) {
        // Stores block id of the block allocated to a
        // process
        int allocation[] = new int[n], j = 0, t = m - 1;

        // Initially no block is assigned to any process
        Arrays.fill(allocation, -1);

        // pick each process and find suitable blocks
        // according to its size ad assign to it
       // pick each process and find suitable blocks
    // according to its size ad assign to it
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){

        // Do not start from beginning
        while (j < m){
            if(blockSize[j] >= processSize[i]){

                // allocate block j to p[i] process
                allocation[i] = j;

                // Reduce available memory in this block.
                blockSize[j] -= processSize[i];

                // sets a new end point
                t = (j - 1) % m;
                break;
            }
            if (t == j){
                // sets a new end point
                t = (j - 1) % m;
                // breaks the loop after going through all memory block
                break;
            }

            // mod m will help in traversing the
            // blocks from starting block after
            // we reach the end.
            j = (j + 1) % m;
        }
    }

        System.out.print("\nProcess No.\tProcess Size\tBlock no.\n");
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            System.out.print( i + 1 + "\t\t\t\t" + processSize[i]
                    + "\t\t\t\t");
            if (allocation[i] != -1) {
                System.out.print(allocation[i] + 1);
            } else {
                System.out.print("Not Allocated");
            }
            System.out.println("");
        }
    }

// Driver program
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int blockSize[] = {5, 10, 20};
        int processSize[] = {10, 20, 5};
        int m = blockSize.length;
        int n = processSize.length;
        NextFit(blockSize, m, processSize, n);
    }
}

// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji

Python3

# Python3 program for next fit
# memory management algorithm

# Function to allocate memory to
# blocks as per Next fit algorithm
def NextFit(blockSize, m, processSize, n):

    # Stores block id of the block
    # allocated to a process

    # Initially no block is assigned
    # to any process
    allocation = [-1] * n
    j = 0
    t = m-1
    # pick each process and find suitable blocks
    # according to its size ad assign to it
    for i in range(n):

        # Do not start from beginning
        while j < m:
            if blockSize[j] >= processSize[i]:

                # allocate block j to p[i] process
                allocation[i] = j

                # Reduce available memory in this block.
                blockSize[j] -= processSize[i]

                # sets a new end point
                t = (j - 1) % m
                break
            if t == j:
                # sets a new end point
                t = (j - 1) % m
                # breaks the loop after going through all memory block
                break

            # mod m will help in traversing the
            # blocks from starting block after
            # we reach the end.
            j = (j + 1) % m

    print("Process No. Process Size Block no.")

    for i in range(n):
        print("\t", i + 1, "\t\t\t", processSize[i],end = "\t\t\t")
        if allocation[i] != -1:
            print(allocation[i] + 1)
        else:
            print("Not Allocated")

# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    blockSize = [5, 10, 20]
    processSize = [10, 20, 5]
    m = len(blockSize)
    n = len(processSize)

    NextFit(blockSize, m, processSize, n)

C#

// C# program for next fit
// memory management algorithm
using System;
public class GFG {

  // Function to allocate memory to blocks as per Next fit
  // algorithm
  static void NextFit(int[] blockSize, int m,
                      int[] processSize, int n)
  {
    // Stores block id of the block allocated to a
    // process
    int[] allocation = new int[n];
    int j = 0, t = m - 1;

    // Initially no block is assigned to any process
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
      allocation[i] = -1;

    // pick each process and find suitable blocks
    // according to its size ad assign to it
    // pick each process and find suitable blocks
    // according to its size ad assign to it
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

      // Do not start from beginning
      while (j < m) {
        if (blockSize[j] >= processSize[i]) {

          // allocate block j to p[i] process
          allocation[i] = j;

          // Reduce available memory in this
          // block.
          blockSize[j] -= processSize[i];

          // sets a new end point
          t = (j - 1) % m;
          break;
        }
        if (t == j) {
          // sets a new end point
          t = (j - 1) % m;
          // breaks the loop after going through
          // all memory block
          break;
        }

        // mod m will help in traversing the
        // blocks from starting block after
        // we reach the end.
        j = (j + 1) % m;
      }
    }

    Console.Write(
      "\nProcess No.\tProcess Size\tBlock no.\n");
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      Console.Write(i + 1 + "\t\t\t\t"
                    + processSize[i] + "\t\t\t\t");
      if (allocation[i] != -1) {
        Console.Write(allocation[i] + 1);
      }
      else {
        Console.Write("Not Allocated");
      }
      Console.WriteLine("");
    }
  }

  // Driver program
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    int[] blockSize = { 5, 10, 20 };
    int[] processSize = { 10, 20, 5 };
    int m = blockSize.Length;
    int n = processSize.Length;
    NextFit(blockSize, m, processSize, n);
  }
}

// This code is contributed by karandeep1234

PHP

<?php
// PHP program for next fit
// memory management algorithm

// Function to allocate memory to blocks as per Next fit
// algorithm
function NextFit($blockSize, $m, $processSize, $n)
{
    // Stores block id of the block allocated to a
    // process
    $allocation = array_fill(0, $n, -1);
    $j = 0;
    $t = $m - 1;

    // Initially no block is assigned to any process above

    // pick each process and find suitable blocks
    // according to its size ad assign to it
    for($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++){

        // Do not start from beginning
        while ($j < $m){
            if($blockSize[$j] >= $processSize[$i]){

                // allocate block j to p[i] process
                $allocation[$i] = $j;

                // Reduce available memory in this block.
                $blockSize[$j] -= $processSize[$i];

                // sets a new end point
                $t = ($j - 1) % $m;
                break;
            }
            if ($t == $j){
                // sets a new end point
                $t = ($j - 1) % $m;
                // breaks the loop after going through all memory block
                break;
            }

            // mod m will help in traversing the
            // blocks from starting block after
            // we reach the end.
            $j = ($j + 1) % $m;
        }
    }

    echo "\nProcess No.\tProcess Size\tBlock no.\n";
    for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++)
    {
        echo " ".($i + 1)."\t\t\t\t".$processSize[$i]."\t\t\t\t";
        if ($allocation[$i] != -1)
            echo ($allocation[$i] + 1);
        else
            echo "Not Allocated";
        echo "\n";
    }
}

    // Driver program
    $blockSize = array( 5, 10, 20 );
    $processSize = array( 10, 20, 5 );
    $m = count($blockSize);
    $n = count($processSize);

    NextFit($blockSize, $m, $processSize, $n);


// This code is contributed by mits
?>

Javascript

// Function to allocate memory to blocks as per Next fit
// memory management algorithm
function NextFit(blockSize, m, processSize, n) {
    // Stores block id of the block allocated to a
    // process
    let allocation = new Array(n).fill(-1);
    let j = 0, t = m - 1;

    // pick each process and find suitable blocks
    // according to its size ad assign to it
    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {

        // Do not start from beginning
        while (j < m) {
            if (blockSize[j] >= processSize[i]) {

                // allocate block j to p[i] process
                allocation[i] = j;

                // Reduce available memory in this block.
                blockSize[j] -= processSize[i];

                // sets a new end point
                t = (j - 1) % m;
                break;
            }
            if (t == j) {
                // sets a new end point
                t = (j - 1) % m;
                // breaks the loop after going through all memory block
                break;
            }

            // mod m will help in traversing the
            // blocks from starting block after
            // we reach the end.
            j = (j + 1) % m;
        }
    }

    console.log("\nProcess No.\tProcess Size\tBlock no.\n");
    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        console.log(" " + (i + 1) + "\t\t\t\t" + processSize[i] + "\t\t\t\t");
        if (allocation[i] != -1)
            console.log(allocation[i] + 1);
        else
            console.log("Not Allocated");
        console.log("\n");
    }
}

// Driver program
let blockSize = [5, 10, 20];
let processSize = [10, 20, 5];
let m = blockSize.length;
let n = processSize.length;

NextFit(blockSize, m, processSize, n);

Output

Process No.    Process Size    Block no.
 1                10                2
 2                20                3
 3                5                1

Time Complexity: O(N*M) where N is processSize length and M is blockSize length. 
Auxiliary Space: O(N)

How does the Next Fit algorithm help in reducing memory fragmentation?

The Next Fit algorithm helps in reducing memory fragmentation by leaving larger gaps between allocated partitions, which can be used for future allocations. This reduces the number of small gaps and helps in allocating larger contiguous blocks of memory to processes.

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