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Probability of Euler’s Totient Function in a range [L, R] to be divisible by M

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Given three integers L, R, and M, the task is to find the probability of Euler’s Totient Function of a number in the range [L, R] is divisible by M. 

Euler’s Totient function is the count of numbers in {1, 2, 3, …, N} that are relatively prime to N, i.e., the numbers whose GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) with N is 1. 
 

Examples:  

Input: L = 1, R = 5, M = 2 
Output: 0.6 
Explanation: 
Euler’s Totient Function for N = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 is {1, 1, 2, 2, 4} respectively. 
Count of Euler’s Totient Function divisible by M(= 2) is 3. 
Therefore, the required probability is 3/5 = 0.6

Input: L = 1, R = 7, M = 4 
Output: 0.142 
Explanation: 
Euler’s Totient Function for N = 1, 2, 3, ….7 is {1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 6} respectively. 
Count of Euler’s Totient Function divisible by M(= 4) is 1. 
Therefore, the required probability is 1/7 = 0.142 
 

Approach: The idea is to pre-compute Euler’s Totient Function and iterate over the given range and count the numbers divisible by M to calculate the probability.

For the computation of the Euler’s Totient Function, use the Euler’s Product Formula :

where pi is the prime factor of N
 

For every prime factor i of N ( L <= n <= R), perform the following steps:

  • Subtract all multiples of i from [1, N].
  • Update N by repeatedly dividing it by i.
  • If the reduced N is more than 1, then remove all multiples of N from result.

For the computation of the prime factors, use Sieve of Eratosthenes method. The probability in the given range will be count/(L – R + 1).

Below is the implementation of the above approach: 

C++




// C++ Program to implement
// the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define size 1000001
 
// Seieve of Erotosthenes
// to compute all primes
void seiveOfEratosthenes(int* prime)
{
    prime[0] = 1, prime[1] = 0;
 
    for (int i = 2; i * i < 1000001; i++) {
 
        // If prime
        if (prime[i] == 0) {
            for (int j = i * i; j < 1000001;
                 j += i) {
 
                // Mark all its multiples
                // as non-prime
                prime[j] = 1;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
// Function to find the probability of
// Euler's Totient Function in a given range
float probabiltyEuler(int* prime, int L,
                      int R, int M)
{
    int* arr = new int[size]{ 0 };
    int* eulerTotient = new int[size]{ 0 };
    int count = 0;
 
    // Initializing two arrays
    // with values from L to R
    // for Euler's totient
    for (int i = L; i <= R; i++) {
 
        // Indexing from 0
        eulerTotient[i - L] = i;
        arr[i - L] = i;
    }
 
    for (int i = 2; i < 1000001; i++) {
 
        // If the current number is prime
        if (prime[i] == 0) {
 
            // Checking if i is prime factor
            // of numbers in range L to R
            for (int j = (L / i) * i; j <= R;
                 j += i) {
 
                if (j - L >= 0) {
 
                    // Update all the numbers
                    // which has prime factor i
                    eulerTotient[j - L]
                        = eulerTotient[j - L]
                          / i * (i - 1);
 
                    while (arr[j - L] % i == 0) {
                        arr[j - L] /= i;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // If number in range has a
    // prime factor > sqrt(number)
    for (int i = L; i <= R; i++) {
        if (arr[i - L] > 1) {
            eulerTotient[i - L]
                = (eulerTotient[i - L] / arr[i - L])
                  * (arr[i - L] - 1);
        }
    }
 
    for (int i = L; i <= R; i++) {
 
        // Count those which are divisible by M
        if ((eulerTotient[i - L] % M) == 0) {
            count++;
        }
    }
 
    // Return the result
    return (1.0 * count / (R + 1 - L));
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int* prime = new int[size]{ 0 };
 
    seiveOfEratosthenes(prime);
 
    int L = 1, R = 7, M = 3;
 
    cout << probabiltyEuler(prime, L, R, M);
 
    return 0;
}


Java




// Java Program to implement
// the above approach
import java.util.*;
class GFG{
   
static final int size = 1000001;
 
// Seieve of Erotosthenes
// to compute all primes
static void seiveOfEratosthenes(int []prime)
{
    prime[0] = 1;
    prime[1] = 0;
 
    for (int i = 2; i * i < 1000001; i++)
    {
 
        // If prime
        if (prime[i] == 0)
        {
            for (int j = i * i; j < 1000001; j += i)
            {
 
                // Mark all its multiples
                // as non-prime
                prime[j] = 1;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
// Function to find the probability of
// Euler's Totient Function in a given range
static float probabiltyEuler(int []prime, int L,
                             int R, int M)
{
    int[] arr = new int[size];
    int []eulerTotient = new int[size];
    int count = 0;
 
    // Initializing two arrays
    // with values from L to R
    // for Euler's totient
    for (int i = L; i <= R; i++)
    {
 
        // Indexing from 0
        eulerTotient[i - L] = i;
        arr[i - L] = i;
    }
 
    for (int i = 2; i < 1000001; i++)
    {
 
        // If the current number is prime
        if (prime[i] == 0)
        {
 
            // Checking if i is prime factor
            // of numbers in range L to R
            for (int j = (L / i) * i; j <= R; j += i)
            {
                if (j - L >= 0)
                {
 
                    // Update all the numbers
                    // which has prime factor i
                    eulerTotient[j - L] = eulerTotient[j - L] /
                                                    i * (i - 1);
 
                    while (arr[j - L] % i == 0)
                    {
                        arr[j - L] /= i;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // If number in range has a
    // prime factor > Math.sqrt(number)
    for (int i = L; i <= R; i++)
    {
        if (arr[i - L] > 1)
        {
            eulerTotient[i - L] = (eulerTotient[i - L] / arr[i - L]) *
                                                          (arr[i - L] - 1);
        }
    }
 
    for (int i = L; i <= R; i++)
    {
 
        // Count those which are divisible by M
        if ((eulerTotient[i - L] % M) == 0)
        {
            count++;
        }
    }
 
    // Return the result
    return (float) (1.0 * count / (R + 1 - L));
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int []prime = new int[size];
 
    seiveOfEratosthenes(prime);
 
    int L = 1, R = 7, M = 3;
 
    System.out.print(probabiltyEuler(prime, L, R, M));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by sapnasingh4991


Python3




# Python3 program to implement
# the above approach
size = 1000001
  
# Seieve of Erotosthenes
# to compute all primes
def seiveOfEratosthenes(prime):
 
    prime[0] = 1
    prime[1] = 0
     
    i = 2
    while(i * i < 1000001):
         
        # If prime
        if (prime[i] == 0):
            j = i * i
             
            while(j < 1000001):
                 
                # Mark all its multiples
                # as non-prime
                prime[j] = 1
                j = j + i
 
        i += 1
  
# Function to find the probability of
# Euler's Totient Function in a given range
def probabiltyEuler(prime, L, R, M):
 
    arr = [0] * size
    eulerTotient = [0] * size
    count = 0
  
    # Initializing two arrays
    # with values from L to R
    # for Euler's totient
    for i in range(L, R + 1):
         
        # Indexing from 0
        eulerTotient[i - L] = i
        arr[i - L] = i
  
    for i in range(2, 1000001):
  
        # If the current number is prime
        if (prime[i] == 0):
  
            # Checking if i is prime factor
            # of numbers in range L to R
            for j in range((L // i) * i, R + 1, i):
                 
                if (j - L >= 0):
  
                    # Update all the numbers
                    # which has prime factor i
                    eulerTotient[j - L] = (eulerTotient[j - L] //
                                                   i * (i - 1))
  
                    while (arr[j - L] % i == 0):
                        arr[j - L] =  arr[j - L] // i
  
    # If number in range has a
    # prime factor > Math.sqrt(number)
    for i in range(L, R + 1):
        if (arr[i - L] > 1):
            eulerTotient[i - L] = ((eulerTotient[i - L] //
                                             arr[i - L]) *
                                       (arr[i - L] - 1))
     
    for i in range(L, R + 1): 
  
        # Count those which are divisible by M
        if ((eulerTotient[i - L] % M) == 0):
            count += 1
             
    # Return the result
    return (float)(1.0 * count / (R + 1 - L))
 
# Driver code
prime = [0] * size
 
seiveOfEratosthenes(prime)
 
L, R, M = 1, 7, 3
 
print(probabiltyEuler(prime, L, R, M))
 
# This code is contributed by divyeshrabadiya07


C#




// C# Program to implement
// the above approach
using System;
class GFG{
   
static readonly int size = 1000001;
 
// Seieve of Erotosthenes
// to compute all primes
static void seiveOfEratosthenes(int []prime)
{
    prime[0] = 1;
    prime[1] = 0;
 
    for (int i = 2; i * i < 1000001; i++)
    {
 
        // If prime
        if (prime[i] == 0)
        {
            for (int j = i * i; j < 1000001; j += i)
            {
 
                // Mark all its multiples
                // as non-prime
                prime[j] = 1;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
// Function to find the probability of
// Euler's Totient Function in a given range
static float probabiltyEuler(int []prime, int L,
                             int R, int M)
{
    int[] arr = new int[size];
    int []eulerTotient = new int[size];
    int count = 0;
 
    // Initializing two arrays
    // with values from L to R
    // for Euler's totient
    for (int i = L; i <= R; i++)
    {
 
        // Indexing from 0
        eulerTotient[i - L] = i;
        arr[i - L] = i;
    }
 
    for (int i = 2; i < 1000001; i++)
    {
 
        // If the current number is prime
        if (prime[i] == 0)
        {
 
            // Checking if i is prime factor
            // of numbers in range L to R
            for (int j = (L / i) * i; j <= R; j += i)
            {
                if (j - L >= 0)
                {
 
                    // Update all the numbers
                    // which has prime factor i
                    eulerTotient[j - L] = eulerTotient[j - L] /
                                                       i * (i - 1);
 
                    while (arr[j - L] % i == 0)
                    {
                        arr[j - L] /= i;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // If number in range has a
    // prime factor > Math.Sqrt(number)
    for (int i = L; i <= R; i++)
    {
        if (arr[i - L] > 1)
        {
            eulerTotient[i - L] = (eulerTotient[i - L] / arr[i - L]) *
                                                        (arr[i - L] - 1);
        }
    }
 
    for (int i = L; i <= R; i++)
    {
 
        // Count those which are divisible by M
        if ((eulerTotient[i - L] % M) == 0)
        {
            count++;
        }
    }
    
    // Return the result
    return (float) (1.0 * count / (R + 1 - L));
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
    int []prime = new int[size];
 
    seiveOfEratosthenes(prime);
 
    int L = 1, R = 7, M = 3;
 
    Console.Write(probabiltyEuler(prime, L, R, M));
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by sapnasingh4991


Javascript




<script>
 
// JavaScript Program to implement
// the above approach
 
   
let size = 1000001;
 
let prime = new Array(size,0);
// Seieve of Erotosthenes
// to compute all primes
function seiveOfEratosthenes()
{
    prime[0] = 1;
    prime[1] = 0;
 
    for (let i = 2; i * i < 1000001; i++)
    {
 
        // If prime
        if (prime[i] == 0)
        {
            for (let j = i * i; j < 1000001; j += i)
            {
 
                // Mark all its multiples
                // as non-prime
                prime[j] = 1;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
// Function to find the probability of
// Euler's Totient Function in a given range
function probabiltyEuler(L,R, M)
{
    let arr = new Array(size,0);
    let eulerTotient = new Array(size,0);
    let count = 0;
 
    // Initializing two arrays
    // with values from L to R
    // for Euler's totient
    for (let i = L; i <= R; i++)
    {
 
        // Indexing from 0
        eulerTotient[i - L] = i;
        arr[i - L] = i;
    }
 
    for (let i = 2; i < 1000001; i++)
    {
 
        // If the current number is prime
        if (prime[i] == 0)
        {
 
            // Checking if i is prime factor
            // of numbers in range L to R
            for (let j = (L / i) * i; j <= R; j += i)
            {
                if (j - L >= 0)
                {
 
                    // Update all the numbers
                    // which has prime factor i
                    eulerTotient[j - L] =
                    eulerTotient[j - L] / i * (i - 1);
 
                    while (arr[j - L] % i == 0)
                    {
                        arr[j - L] /= i;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // If number in range has a
    // prime factor > Math.Sqrt(number)
    for (let i = L; i <= R; i++)
    {
        if (arr[i - L] > 1)
        {
            eulerTotient[i - L] =
            (eulerTotient[i - L] / arr[i - L]) *
                              (arr[i - L] - 1);
        }
    }
 
    for (let i = L; i <= R; i++)
    {
 
        // Count those which are divisible by M
        if ((eulerTotient[i - L] % M) == 0)
        {
            count++;
        }
    }
     
     
   count/=2;
    
    // Return the result
    return    1.0 * count / (R + 1 - L);
}
 
// Driver Code
 
 
seiveOfEratosthenes();
 
let L = 1;
let R = 7;
let M = 3;
 
document.write(probabiltyEuler(L, R, M).toFixed(7));
 
 
</script>


Output: 

0.142857

 

Time Complexity : O(Nlog(N)) 
Auxiliary Space: O(size), where size denotes the number upto which Sieve is calculated.



Last Updated : 25 May, 2021
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