Print all possible shortest chains to reach a target word

Given two strings start and target(both of the same length) and a list of strings str[], the task is to print all possible smallest sequences starting from start to target if it exists, such that adjacent words in the sequence only differ by a single character and each word in the sequence is present in the given list. 

Note: It may be assumed that the target word is present in the list and the length of all the words is the same. If multiple sequences occur, print all of them.

Example:

Input: str[] = {poon, plee, same, poie, plea, plie, poin}, start = “toon”, target = “plea”
Output: [[toon, poon, poin, poie, plee, plea]]
Explanation: toon → poon → poin → poie → plee → plea

Input: str[] = { ted, tex, red, tax, tad, den, rex, pee}, start = “red”, target = “tax”
Output [[“red”, “ted”, “tad”, “tax”], [“red”, “ted”, “tex”, “tax”], [“red”, “rex”, “tex”, “tax”]]

Approach: The problem can be solved using BFS.The tricky part here is to do the BFS of the path instead of words. Follow the steps below to solve the problem:

1. Initialize a variable, say res, to store all possible shortest paths.
2. Create a Set to store all the visited words in current path and once the current path is completed, erase all the visited words.
3. For each current word, find the possible next words present in str[] by changing each character from ‘a’ to ‘z’ and find all possible paths.
4. Finally, print all the possible path.

C++

// C++ Program to implement
// the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Function to print all possible shortest
// sequences starting from start to target.
void displaypath(vector<vector<string> >& res)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < res.size(); i++) {
        cout << "[ ";
        for (int j = 0; j < res[0].size(); j++) {
            cout << res[i][j] << ", ";
        }
        cout << " ]\n";
    }
}
// Find words differing by a single
// character with word
vector<string> addWord(
    string word,
    unordered_set<string>& dict)
{
    vector<string> res;

    // Find next word in dict by changing
    // each element from 'a' to 'z'
    for (int i = 0; i < word.size(); i++) {
        char s = word[i];
        for (char c = 'a'; c <= 'z'; c++) {
            word[i] = c;
            if (dict.count(word))
                res.push_back(word);
        }
        word[i] = s;
    }
    return res;
}

// Function to get all the shortest possible
// sequences starting from 'start' to 'target'
vector<vector<string> > findLadders(
    vector<string>& Dict,
    string beginWord,
    string endWord)
{
    // Store all the shortest path.
    vector<vector<string> > res;

    // Store visited words in list
    unordered_set<string> visit;

    // Queue used to find the shortest path
    queue<vector<string> > q;

    // Stores the distinct words from given list
    unordered_set<string> dict(Dict.begin(),
                               Dict.end());
    q.push({ beginWord });

    // Stores whether the shortest
    // path is found or not
    bool flag = false;

    while (!q.empty()) {
        int size = q.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

            // Explore the next level
            vector<string> cur = q.front();
            q.pop();
            vector<string> newadd;

            // Find words differing by a
            // single character
            newadd = addWord(cur.back(), dict);

            // Add words to the path.
            for (int j = 0; j < newadd.size(); j++) {
                vector<string> newline(cur.begin(),
                                       cur.end());

                newline.push_back(newadd[j]);

                // Found the target
                if (newadd[j] == endWord) {
                    flag = true;
                    res.push_back(newline);
                }

                visit.insert(newadd[j]);
                q.push(newline);
            }
        }

        // If already reached target
        if (flag) {
            break;
        }

        // Erase all visited words.
        for (auto it : visit) {
            dict.erase(it);
        }

        visit.clear();
    }
    return res;
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    vector<string> str{ "ted", "tex", "red",
                        "tax", "tad", "den",
                        "rex", "pee" };
    string beginWord = "red";
    string endWord = "tax";

    vector<vector<string> > res
        = findLadders(str, beginWord, endWord);

    displaypath(res);
}

Python3

# Python Program to implement
# the above approach
from collections import deque
from typing import Deque, List, Set

# Function to print all possible shortest
# sequences starting from start to target.
def displaypath(res: List[List[str]]):
    for i in res:
        print("[ ", end="")
        for j in i:
            print(j, end=", ")
        print("]")

# Find words differing by a single
# character with word
def addWord(word: str, Dict: Set):
    res: List[str] = []
    wrd = list(word)

    # Find next word in dict by changing
    # each element from 'a' to 'z'
    for i in range(len(wrd)):
        s = wrd[i]
        c = 'a'
        while c <= 'z':
            wrd[i] = c
            if ''.join(wrd) in Dict:
                res.append(''.join(wrd))
            c = chr(ord(c) + 1)
        wrd[i] = s
    return res

# Function to get all the shortest possible
# sequences starting from 'start' to 'target'
def findLadders(Dictt: List[str], beginWord: str, endWord: str):

    # Store all the shortest path.
    res: List[List[str]] = []

    # Store visited words in list
    visit = set()

    # Queue used to find the shortest path
    q: Deque[List[str]] = deque()

    # Stores the distinct words from given list
    Dict = set()
    for i in Dictt:
        Dict.add(i)
    q.append([beginWord])

    # Stores whether the shortest
    # path is found or not
    flag = False
    while q:
        size = len(q)
        for i in range(size):

            # Explore the next level
            cur = q[0]
            q.popleft()
            newadd = []

            # Find words differing by a
            # single character
            newadd = addWord(cur[-1], Dict)

            # Add words to the path.
            for j in range(len(newadd)):
                newline = cur.copy()
                newline.append(newadd[j])

                # Found the target
                if (newadd[j] == endWord):
                    flag = True
                    res.append(newline)

                visit.add(newadd[j])
                q.append(newline)

        # If already reached target
        if (flag):
            break

        # Erase all visited words.
        for it in visit:
            Dict.remove(it)
        visit.clear()
    return res

# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__":

    string = ["ted", "tex", "red", "tax", "tad", "den", "rex", "pee"]
    beginWord = "red"
    endWord = "tax"

    res = findLadders(string, beginWord, endWord)

    displaypath(res)

# This code is contributed by sanjeev2552

Output:

[ red, ted, tad, tax,  ]
[ red, ted, tex, tax,  ]
[ red, rex, tex, tax,  ]

Time complexity: O(N²*M), where M is the number of strings in the given list and N is the length of each string.

Auxiliary Space:O(M*N)