Pattern Searching | Set 6 (Efficient Construction of Finite Automata)

In the previous post, we discussed Finite Automata based pattern searching algorithm. The FA (Finite Automata) construction method discussed in previous post takes O((m^3)*NO_OF_CHARS) time. FA can be constructed in O(m*NO_OF_CHARS) time. In this post, we will discuss the O(m*NO_OF_CHARS) algorithm for FA construction. The idea is similar to lps (longest prefix suffix) array construction discussed in the KMP algorithm. We use previously filled rows to fill a new row.

The above diagrams represent graphical and tabular representations of pattern ACACAGA.

Algorithm:
1) Fill the first row. All entries in first row are always 0 except the entry for pat[0] character. For pat[0] character, we always need to go to state 1.
2) Initialize lps as 0. lps for the first index is always 0.
3) Do following for rows at index i = 1 to M. (M is the length of the pattern)
…..a) Copy the entries from the row at index equal to lps.
…..b) Update the entry for pat[i] character to i+1.
…..c) Update lps “lps = TF[lps][pat[i]]” where TF is the 2D array which is being constructed.
Following is C/C++ implementation for the above algorithm.

Implementation

C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
#define NO_OF_CHARS 256 
  
/* This function builds the TF table  
which represents Finite Automata for a  
given pattern */
void computeTransFun(char* pat, int M, int TF[][NO_OF_CHARS]) 
{ 
    int i, lps = 0, x; 
  
    // Fill entries in first row 
    for (x = 0; x < NO_OF_CHARS; x++) 
        TF[0][x] = 0; 
    TF[0][pat[0]] = 1; 
  
    // Fill entries in other rows 
    for (i = 1; i <= M; i++) { 
        // Copy values from row at index lps 
        for (x = 0; x < NO_OF_CHARS; x++) 
            TF[i][x] = TF[lps][x]; 
  
        // Update the entry corresponding to this character 
        TF[i][pat[i]] = i + 1; 
  
        // Update lps for next row to be filled 
        if (i < M) 
            lps = TF[lps][pat[i]]; 
    } 
} 
  
/* Prints all occurrences of pat in txt */
void search(char pat[], char txt[]) 
{ 
    int M = strlen(pat); 
    int N = strlen(txt); 
  
    int TF[M + 1][NO_OF_CHARS]; 
  
    computeTransFun(pat, M, TF); 
  
    // process text over FA. 
    int i, j = 0; 
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { 
        j = TF[j][txt[i]]; 
        if (j == M) { 
            cout << "pattern found at index " << i - M + 1 << endl; 
        } 
    } 
} 
  
/* Driver code */
int main() 
{ 
    char txt[] = "GEEKS FOR GEEKS"; 
    char pat[] = "GEEKS"; 
    search(pat, txt); 
    return 0; 
} 
  
// This is code is contributed by rathbhupendra 

C

#include <stdio.h> 
#include <string.h> 
#define NO_OF_CHARS 256 
  
/* This function builds the TF table which represents Finite Automata for a 
   given pattern  */
void computeTransFun(char* pat, int M, int TF[][NO_OF_CHARS]) 
{ 
    int i, lps = 0, x; 
  
    // Fill entries in first row 
    for (x = 0; x < NO_OF_CHARS; x++) 
        TF[0][x] = 0; 
    TF[0][pat[0]] = 1; 
  
    // Fill entries in other rows 
    for (i = 1; i <= M; i++) { 
        // Copy values from row at index lps 
        for (x = 0; x < NO_OF_CHARS; x++) 
            TF[i][x] = TF[lps][x]; 
  
        // Update the entry corresponding to this character 
        TF[i][pat[i]] = i + 1; 
  
        // Update lps for next row to be filled 
        if (i < M) 
            lps = TF[lps][pat[i]]; 
    } 
} 
  
/* Prints all occurrences of pat in txt */
void search(char* pat, char* txt) 
{ 
    int M = strlen(pat); 
    int N = strlen(txt); 
  
    int TF[M + 1][NO_OF_CHARS]; 
  
    computeTransFun(pat, M, TF); 
  
    // process text over FA. 
    int i, j = 0; 
    for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { 
        j = TF[j][txt[i]]; 
        if (j == M) { 
            printf("\n pattern found at index %d", i - M + 1); 
        } 
    } 
} 
  
/* Driver program to test above function */
int main() 
{ 
    char* txt = "GEEKS FOR GEEKS"; 
    char* pat = "GEEKS"; 
    search(pat, txt); 
    getchar(); 
    return 0; 
} 

Java

/* A Java program to answer queries to check whether  
the substrings are palindrome or not efficiently */
  
class GFG 
{ 
  
    static int NO_OF_CHARS = 256; 
  
    /* This function builds the TF table  
    which represents Finite Automata for a  
    given pattern */
    static void computeTransFun(char[] pat,  
                                int M, int TF[][])  
    { 
        int i, lps = 0, x; 
  
        // Fill entries in first row  
        for (x = 0; x < NO_OF_CHARS; x++)  
        { 
            TF[0][x] = 0; 
        } 
        TF[0][pat[0]] = 1; 
  
        // Fill entries in other rows  
        for (i = 1; i < M; i++)  
        { 
            // Copy values from row at index lps  
            for (x = 0; x < NO_OF_CHARS; x++)  
            { 
                TF[i][x] = TF[lps][x]; 
            } 
  
            // Update the entry corresponding to this character  
            TF[i][pat[i]] = i + 1; 
  
            // Update lps for next row to be filled  
            if (i < M)  
            { 
                lps = TF[lps][pat[i]]; 
            } 
        } 
    } 
  
    /* Prints all occurrences of pat in txt */
    static void search(char pat[], char txt[]) 
    { 
        int M = pat.length; 
        int N = txt.length; 
  
        int[][] TF = new int[M + 1][NO_OF_CHARS]; 
  
        computeTransFun(pat, M, TF); 
  
        // process text over FA.  
        int i, j = 0; 
        for (i = 0; i < N; i++)  
        { 
            j = TF[j][txt[i]]; 
            if (j == M)  
            { 
                System.out.println("pattern found at index " +  
                                                (i - M + 1)); 
            } 
        } 
    } 
  
    /* Driver code */
    public static void main(String[] args)  
    { 
        char txt[] = "GEEKS FOR GEEKS".toCharArray(); 
        char pat[] = "GEEKS".toCharArray(); 
        search(pat, txt); 
    } 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by Princi Singh 

C#

/* A C# program to answer queries to check whether  
the substrings are palindrome or not efficiently */
using System; 
      
class GFG 
{ 
  
    static int NO_OF_CHARS = 256; 
  
    /* This function builds the TF table  
    which represents Finite Automata for a  
    given pattern */
    static void computeTransFun(char[] pat,  
                                int M, int [,]TF)  
    { 
        int i, lps = 0, x; 
  
        // Fill entries in first row  
        for (x = 0; x < NO_OF_CHARS; x++)  
        { 
            TF[0,x] = 0; 
        } 
        TF[0,pat[0]] = 1; 
  
        // Fill entries in other rows  
        for (i = 1; i < M; i++)  
        { 
            // Copy values from row at index lps  
            for (x = 0; x < NO_OF_CHARS; x++)  
            { 
                TF[i,x] = TF[lps,x]; 
            } 
  
            // Update the entry corresponding to this character  
            TF[i,pat[i]] = i + 1; 
  
            // Update lps for next row to be filled  
            if (i < M)  
            { 
                lps = TF[lps,pat[i]]; 
            } 
        } 
    } 
  
    /* Prints all occurrences of pat in txt */
    static void search(char []pat, char []txt) 
    { 
        int M = pat.Length; 
        int N = txt.Length; 
  
        int[,] TF = new int[M + 1,NO_OF_CHARS]; 
  
        computeTransFun(pat, M, TF); 
  
        // process text over FA.  
        int i, j = 0; 
        for (i = 0; i < N; i++)  
        { 
            j = TF[j,txt[i]]; 
            if (j == M)  
            { 
                Console.WriteLine("pattern found at index " +  
                                                (i - M + 1)); 
            } 
        } 
    } 
  
    /* Driver code */
    public static void Main(String[] args)  
    { 
        char []txt = "GEEKS FOR GEEKS".ToCharArray(); 
        char []pat = "GEEKS".ToCharArray(); 
        search(pat, txt); 
    } 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji 

Output:

 pattern found at index 0
 pattern found at index 10

Time Complexity for FA construction is O(M*NO_OF_CHARS). The code for search is same as the previous post and time complexity for it is O(n).

Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.

Don’t stop now and take your learning to the next level. Learn all the important concepts of Data Structures and Algorithms with the help of the most trusted course: DSA Self Paced. Become industry ready at a student-friendly price.

My Personal Notes

C++

C

Java

C#

Recommended Posts: