Pairing Heap

Last Updated : 13 Aug, 2019

Pairing Heap is like a simplified form Fibonacci Heap. It also maintains the property of min heap which is parent value is less than its child nodes value. It can be considered as a self-adjusting binomial heap.

Each node has a pointer towards the left child and left child points towards the next sibling of the child.

Example of Pairing Heap is given below:

Join or Merge in Pairing Heap
To join the two heap, first, we compare the root node of the heap if the root node of the first heap is smaller than the root node of the second heap then root node of the second heap becomes a left child of the root node of the first heap otherwise vice-versa. The time complexity of this process is O(1).

Example of Merge is given Below:
Merge

Insertion in Pairing Heap:
To insert a new node in heap, create a new node and Merge it with existing heap as explained above. Therefore, the time complexity of this function is O(1).

Example of Insertion is given below:

Deletion in Pairing Heap:
Deletion in Pairing Heap only happens at the root node. First delete links between root, left child and all the siblings of the left child. Then Merge tree subtrees that are obtained by detaching the left child and all siblings by the two pass method and delete the root node. Merge the detached subtrees from left to right in one pass and then merge the subtrees from right to left to form the new heap without violation of conditions of min-heap. This process takes O(log n) time where n is the number of nodes.

Example of Deletion is given below:

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
  
// Heap structure
struct HeapNode {
  
    int key;
    HeapNode *leftChild;
    HeapNode *nextSibling;
  
    HeapNode():
        leftChild(NULL), nextSibling(NULL) {}
  
    // creates a new node
    HeapNode(int key_, HeapNode *leftChild_, HeapNode *nextSibling_): 
        key(key_), leftChild(leftChild_), nextSibling(nextSibling_) {}
          
        // Adds a child and sibling to the node
    void addChild(HeapNode *node) { 
        if(leftChild == NULL)
            leftChild = node;
        else {
            node->nextSibling = leftChild;
            leftChild = node;
        }
    }
};
  
// Returns true if root of the tree 
// is null otherwise returns false
bool Empty(HeapNode *node) { 
    return (node == NULL);
}
  
// Function to merge two heaps
HeapNode *Merge(HeapNode *A, HeapNode *B) 
{
    // If any of the two-nodes is null 
    // the return the not null node
    if(A == NULL) return B; 
    if(B == NULL) return A;
      
    // To maintain the min heap condition compare    
    // the nodes and node with minimum value become  
    // parent of the other node
    if(A->key < B->key) {                  
        A->addChild(B); 
        return A;         
    }
    else {
        B->addChild(A);
        return B;
    }
  
    return NULL; // Unreachable
}
  
// Returns the root value of the heap
int Top(HeapNode *node) {
    return node->key; 
}
  
// Function to insert the new node in the heap
HeapNode *Insert(HeapNode *node, int key) {
    return Merge(node, new HeapNode(key, NULL, NULL));
}
  
// This method is used when we want to delete root node
HeapNode *TwoPassMerge(HeapNode *node) { 
    if(node == NULL || node->nextSibling == NULL)
        return node;
    else {
        HeapNode *A, *B, *newNode;
        A = node;
        B = node->nextSibling;
        newNode = node->nextSibling->nextSibling;
  
        A->nextSibling = NULL;
        B->nextSibling = NULL;
  
        return Merge(Merge(A, B), TwoPassMerge(newNode));
    }
  
    return NULL; // Unreachable
}
  
// Function to delete the root node in heap
HeapNode *Delete(HeapNode *node) {
    return TwoPassMerge(node->leftChild);
}
  
struct PairingHeap {
    HeapNode *root;
  
    PairingHeap():
        root(NULL) {}
  
    bool Empty(void) {
        return ::Empty(root);
    }
  
    int Top(void) {
        return ::Top(root);
    }
  
    void Insert(int key) {
        root = ::Insert(root, key);
    }
  
    void Delete(void) {
        root = ::Delete(root);
    }
  
    void Join(PairingHeap other) {
        root = ::Merge(root, other.root);
    }
      
};
  
// Driver Code
int main(void) {
  
    PairingHeap heap1, heap2;
    heap2.Insert(5);
    heap2.Insert(2);
  
    heap2.Insert(6);
    heap1.Insert(1);
    heap1.Insert(3);
    heap1.Insert(4);
      
    heap1.Join(heap2);
      
    cout << heap1.Top() << endl;
    heap1.Delete();
  
    cout << heap1.Top() << endl;
    cout<< (heap1.Empty()?"True":"False");
      
    return 0;
}

Output:

1
2
False

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