Prerequisite – OSPF fundamentals
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that is used to find the best path between the source and the destination router using its own Shortest Path First). OSPF is developed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as one of the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), i.e, the protocol which aims at moving the packet within a large autonomous system or routing domain. It is a network layer protocol which works on protocol number 89 and uses AD value 110. OSPF uses multicast address 224.0.0.5 for normal communication and 224.0.0.6 for update to designated router(DR)/Backup Designated Router (BDR).
OSPF Terms
- Router Id – It is the highest active IP address present on the router. First, the highest loopback address is considered. If no loopback is configured then the highest active IP address on the interface of the router is considered.
- Router priority – It is an 8-bit value assigned to a router operating OSPF, used to elect DR and BDR in a broadcast network.
- Designated Router (DR) – It is elected to minimize the number of adjacencies formed. DR distributes the LSAs to all the other routers. DR is elected in a broadcast network to which all the other routers share their DBD. In a broadcast network, the router requests for an update to DR, and DR will respond to that request with an update.
- Backup Designated Router (BDR) – BDR is a backup to DR in a broadcast network. When DR goes down, BDR becomes DR and performs its functions.
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DR and BDR election – DR and BDR election takes place in the broadcast network or multi-access network. Here are the criteria for the election:
- The router having the highest router priority will be declared as DR.
- If there is a tie in router priority then the highest router I’d be considered. First, the highest loopback address is considered. If no loopback is configured then the highest active IP address on the interface of the router is considered.
OSPF States
The device operating OSPF goes through certain states. These states are:
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Down – In this state, no hello packets have been received on the interface.
- Note – The Downstate doesn’t mean that the interface is physically down. Here, it means that the OSPF adjacency process has not started yet.
- INIT – In this state, the hello packets have been received from the other router.
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2WAY – In the 2WAY state, both the routers have received the hello packets from other routers. Bidirectional connectivity has been established.
- Note – In between the 2WAY state and Exstart state, the DR and BDR election takes place.
- Exstart – In this state, NULL DBD are exchanged. In this state, the master and slave elections take place. The router having the higher router I’d become the master while the other becomes the slave. This election decides Which router will send its DBD first (routers who have formed neighbourship will take part in this election).
- Exchange – In this state, the actual DBDs are exchanged.
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Loading – In this state, LSR, LSU, and LSA (Link State Acknowledgement) are exchanged.
Important – When a router receives DBD from other router, it compares its own DBD with the other router DBD. If the received DBD is more updated than its own DBD then the router will send LSR to the other router stating what links are needed. The other router replies with the LSU containing the updates that are needed. In return to this, the router replies with the Link State Acknowledgement. - Full – In this state, synchronization of all the information takes place. OSPF routing can begin only after the Full state.