Given an array, an inversion is defined as a pair a[i], a[j] such that a[i] > a[j] and i < j. We are given two numbers N and k, we need to tell how many permutation of first N number have exactly K inversion.
Examples:
Input : N = 3, K = 1 Output : 2 Explanation : Total Permutation of first N number, 123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321 Permutation with 1 inversion : 132 and 213 Input : N = 4, K = 2 Output : 5
A Naïve way to solve this problem is noting down all permutation then checking count of inversion in them but iterating through permutation itself will take O(N!) time, which is too large.
We can solve this problem using dynamic programming approach. Below is recursive formula.
If N is 0, Count(0, K) = 0
If K is 0, Count(N, 0) = 1 (Only sorted array)
In general case,
If we have N number and require K inversion,
Count(N, K) = Count(N - 1, K) +
Count(N – 1, K - 1) +
Count(N – 1, K – 2) +
.... +
Count(N – 1, 0)
How does above recursive formula work?
If we have N number and want to have K permutation and suppose all permutation of (N – 1) number are written somewhere, the new number (Nth number and largest) need to be placed in all permutation of (N – 1) number and those whose inversion count becomes K after adding this number should be added in our answer. Now take those set of permutation of (N – 1) number which has let (K – 3) inversion, now we can place this new largest number at position 3 from last, then inversion count will be K, so count(N – 1, K – 3) should be added to our answer, same argument can be given for other inversion also and we will reach to above recursion as final answer.
Below code is written following above recursion in memorization way.
C++
// C++ program to find number of permutation // with K inversion using Memoization #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; // Limit on N and K const int M = 100; // 2D array memo for stopping // solving same problem again int memo[M][M]; // method recursively calculates // permutation with K inversion int numberOfPermWithKInversion(int N, int K) { // base cases if (N == 0) return 0; if (K == 0) return 1; // if already solved then // return result directly if (memo[N][K] != 0) return memo[N][K]; // calling recursively all subproblem // of permutation size N - 1 int sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i <= K; i++) { // Call recursively only // if total inversion // to be made are less // than size if (i <= N - 1) sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion(N - 1, K - i); } // store result into memo memo[N][K] = sum; return sum; } // Driver code int main() { int N = 4; int K = 2; cout << numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K); return 0; } |
Java
// Java program to find number of permutation with // K inversion using Memoization import java.io.*; class GFG { // Limit on N and K static int M = 100; // 2D array memo for stopping solving same problem // again static int memo[][] = new int[M][M]; // method recursively calculates permutation with // K inversion static int numberOfPermWithKInversion(int N, int K) { // base cases if (N == 0) return 0; if (K == 0) return 1; // if already solved then return result directly if (memo[N][K] != 0) return memo[N][K]; // calling recursively all subproblem of // permutation size N - 1 int sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i <= K; i++) { // Call recursively only if total inversion // to be made are less than size if (i <= N - 1) sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion(N - 1, K - i); } // store result into memo memo[N][K] = sum; return sum; } // Driver code to test above methods public static void main(String[] args) { int N = 4; int K = 2; System.out.println(numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K)); } } // This code is contributed by vt_m. |
Python3
# Python3 program to find number of permutation # with K inversion using Memoization # Limit on N and K M = 100 # 2D array memo for stopping # solving same problem again memo = [[0 for i in range(M)] for j in range(M)] # method recursively calculates # permutation with K inversion def numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K): # Base cases if (N == 0): return 0 if (K == 0): return 1 # If already solved then # return result directly if (memo[N][K] != 0): return memo[N][K] # Calling recursively all subproblem # of permutation size N - 1 sum = 0 for i in range(K + 1): # Call recursively only if # total inversion to be made # are less than size if (i <= N - 1): sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion(N - 1, K - i) # store result into memo memo[N][K] = sum return sum # Driver code N = 4; K = 2print(numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K)) # This code is contributed by Anant Agarwal. |
C#
// C# program to find number of // permutation with K inversion // using Memoization using System; class GFG { // Limit on N and K static int M = 100; // 2D array memo for stopping // solving same problem again static int [,]memo = new int[M, M]; // method recursively calculates // permutation with K inversion static int numberOfPermWithKInversion(int N, int K) { // base cases if (N == 0) return 0; if (K == 0) return 1; // if already solved then // return result directly if (memo[N, K] != 0) return memo[N, K]; // calling recursively all // subproblem of permutation // size N - 1 int sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i <= K; i++) { // Call recursively only if // total inversion to be // made are less than size if (i <= N - 1) sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion(N - 1, K - i); } // store result into memo memo[N, K] = sum; return sum; } // Driver Code static public void Main () { int N = 4; int K = 2; Console.WriteLine(numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K)); } } // This code is contributed by ajit |
PHP
<?php // PHP program to find number of permutation // with K inversion using Memoization // method recursively calculates // permutation with K inversion function numberOfPermWithKInversion($N, $K) { $memo = array(); // base cases if ($N == 0) return 0; if ($K == 0) return 1; // if already solved then // return result directly if ($memo[$N][$K] != 0) return $memo[$N][$K]; // calling recursively all subproblem // of permutation size N - 1 $sum = 0; for ($i = 0; $i <= $K; $i++) { // Call recursively only // if total inversion // to be made are less // than size if ($i <= $N - 1) $sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion($N - 1, $K - $i); } // store result into memo $memo[$N][$K] = $sum; return $sum; } // Driver code $N = 4; $K = 2; echo numberOfPermWithKInversion($N, $K); // This code is contributed // by Akanksha Rai(Abby_akku) ?> |
Output:
5
This article is contributed by Utkarsh Trivedi. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
Attention reader! Don’t stop learning now. Get hold of all the important DSA concepts with the DSA Self Paced Course at a student-friendly price and become industry ready.
