Number of permutation with K inversions

Given an array, an inversion is defined as a pair a[i], a[j] such that a[i] > a[j] and i < j. We are given two numbers N and k, we need to tell how many permutation of first N number have exactly K inversion.

Examples:

Input  : N = 3, K = 1
Output : 2
Explanation :  
Total Permutation of first N number,
123, 132, 213, 231, 312, 321
Permutation with 1 inversion : 132 and 213

Input  : N = 4, K = 2
Output : 5

Recommended: Please solve it on “PRACTICE ” first, before moving on to the solution.

A Naïve way to solve this problem is noting down all permutation then checking count of inversion in them but iterating through permutation itself will take O(N!) time, which is too large.
We can solve this problem using dynamic programming approach. Below is recursive formula.

If N is 0, Count(0, K) = 0

If K is 0, Count(N, 0) = 1 (Only sorted array)

In general case, 
If we have N number and require K inversion, 
Count(N, K) = Count(N - 1, K) + 
              Count(N – 1, K - 1) + 
              Count(N – 1, K – 2) + 
              .... + 
              Count(N – 1, 0)

How does above recursive formula work?
If we have N number and want to have K permutation and suppose all permutation of (N – 1) number are written somewhere, the new number (Nth number and largest) need to be placed in all permutation of (N – 1) number and those whose inversion count becomes K after adding this number should be added in our answer. Now take those set of permutation of (N – 1) number which has let (K – 3) inversion, now we can place this new largest number at position 3 from last, then inversion count will be K, so count(N – 1, K – 3) should be added to our answer, same argument can be given for other inversion also and we will reach to above recursion as final answer.

Below code is written following above recursion in memorization way.

C++

// C++ program to find number of permutation  
// with K inversion using Memoization 
#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
// Limit on N and K 
const int M = 100; 
  
// 2D array memo for stopping  
// solving same problem again 
int memo[M][M]; 
  
// method recursively calculates  
// permutation with K inversion 
int numberOfPermWithKInversion(int N, int K) 
{ 
      
    // base cases 
    if (N == 0) 
        return 0; 
    if (K == 0) 
        return 1; 
  
    // if already solved then  
    // return result directly 
    if (memo[N][K] != 0) 
        return memo[N][K]; 
  
    // calling recursively all subproblem  
    // of permutation size N - 1 
    int sum = 0; 
    for (int i = 0; i <= K; i++) 
    { 
  
        // Call recursively only 
        // if total inversion 
        // to be made are less  
        // than size 
        if (i <= N - 1) 
            sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion(N - 1,  
                                              K - i); 
    } 
  
    // store result into memo 
    memo[N][K] = sum; 
  
    return sum; 
} 
  
// Driver code  
int main() 
{ 
    int N = 4; 
    int K = 2; 
    cout << numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K); 
    return 0; 
} 

Java

// Java program to find number of permutation with 
// K inversion using Memoization 
  
import java.io.*; 
  
class GFG { 
      
    // Limit on N and K 
    static int M = 100; 
  
    // 2D array memo for stopping solving same problem 
    // again 
    static int memo[][] = new int[M][M]; 
  
    // method recursively calculates permutation with 
    // K inversion 
    static int numberOfPermWithKInversion(int N, int K) 
    { 
          
        // base cases 
        if (N == 0) 
            return 0; 
        if (K == 0) 
            return 1; 
  
        // if already solved then return result directly 
        if (memo[N][K] != 0) 
            return memo[N][K]; 
  
        // calling recursively all subproblem of 
        // permutation size N - 1 
        int sum = 0; 
        for (int i = 0; i <= K; i++) { 
              
            // Call recursively only if total inversion 
            // to be made are less than size 
            if (i <= N - 1) 
                sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion(N - 1,  
                                                  K - i); 
        } 
  
        // store result into memo 
        memo[N][K] = sum; 
  
        return sum; 
    } 
  
    // Driver code to test above methods 
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    { 
        int N = 4; 
        int K = 2; 
        System.out.println(numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K)); 
    } 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by vt_m. 

Python3

   
# Python3 program to find number of permutation 
# with K inversion using Memoization 
  
# Limit on N and K 
M = 100
  
# 2D array memo for stopping   
# solving same problem again 
memo = [[0 for i in range(M)] for j in range(M)] 
   
# method recursively calculates  
# permutation with K inversion 
def numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K): 
  
    # Base cases 
    if (N == 0): return 0
    if (K == 0): return 1
  
    # If already solved then 
    # return result directly 
    if (memo[N][K] != 0): 
        return memo[N][K] 
  
    # Calling recursively all subproblem  
    # of permutation size N - 1 
    sum = 0
    for i in range(K + 1): 
      
        # Call recursively only if 
        # total inversion to be made 
        # are less than size 
        if (i <= N - 1): 
            sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion(N - 1, K - i) 
      
    # store result into memo 
    memo[N][K] = sum
  
    return sum
  
# Driver code 
N = 4; K = 2
print(numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K)) 
  
# This code is contributed by Anant Agarwal. 

C#

// C# program to find number of  
// permutation with K inversion 
// using Memoization  
using System; 
  
class GFG 
{ 
  
// Limit on N and K  
static int M = 100;  
  
// 2D array memo for stopping  
// solving same problem again  
static int [,]memo = new int[M, M];  
  
// method recursively calculates  
// permutation with K inversion  
static int numberOfPermWithKInversion(int N,  
                                      int K)  
{  
      
    // base cases  
    if (N == 0)  
        return 0;  
    if (K == 0)  
        return 1;  
  
    // if already solved then  
    // return result directly  
    if (memo[N, K] != 0)  
        return memo[N, K];  
  
    // calling recursively all  
    // subproblem of permutation  
    // size N - 1  
    int sum = 0;  
    for (int i = 0; i <= K; i++) 
    {  
          
        // Call recursively only if  
        // total inversion to be  
        // made are less than size  
        if (i <= N - 1)  
            sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion(N - 1,  
                                              K - i);  
    }  
  
    // store result into memo  
    memo[N, K] = sum;  
  
    return sum;  
}  
  
// Driver Code 
static public void Main () 
{ 
    int N = 4;  
    int K = 2;  
    Console.WriteLine(numberOfPermWithKInversion(N, K));  
} 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by ajit 

PHP

<?php 
// PHP program to find number of permutation  
// with K inversion using Memoization 
  
// method recursively calculates  
// permutation with K inversion 
function numberOfPermWithKInversion($N, $K) 
{ 
      
    $memo = array(); 
      
    // base cases 
    if ($N == 0) 
        return 0; 
    if ($K == 0) 
        return 1; 
  
    // if already solved then  
    // return result directly 
    if ($memo[$N][$K] != 0) 
        return $memo[$N][$K]; 
  
    // calling recursively all subproblem  
    // of permutation size N - 1 
    $sum = 0; 
    for ($i = 0; $i <= $K; $i++) 
    { 
  
        // Call recursively only 
        // if total inversion 
        // to be made are less  
        // than size 
        if ($i <= $N - 1) 
            $sum += numberOfPermWithKInversion($N - 1,  
                                               $K - $i); 
    } 
  
    // store result into memo 
    $memo[$N][$K] = $sum; 
  
    return $sum; 
} 
  
// Driver code  
$N = 4; 
$K = 2; 
echo numberOfPermWithKInversion($N, $K); 
  
// This code is contributed 
// by Akanksha Rai(Abby_akku) 
?> 

Output:

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