NCERT Solutions Class-12 Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

*As per the revised curriculum of CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter, previously known as Chapter 11, has now been renumbered as Chapter 9. Stay updated with the latest changes in the curriculum.

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 NCERT Solution is all about the process of Biotechnology: Principles and Processes explain the role and implementation of technology into living systems in detail according to the latest curriculum and guidelines. These NCERT Solutions are prepared by our Top Biology Experts in order to take care of all Important Topics that might be asked in the upcoming examination 2023. So, Students can also refer to these solutions for their final Examination preparation.

This Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes NCERT Solutions are carefully developed using easy-to-understand language while adhering to the guidelines for solving NCERT Solutions for Class 12. Working through these solutions can be highly beneficial for students in their board exams, as well as in preparing for future competitive Exams.

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 Questions and Answer

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes explains the role and implementation of technology into living systems in detail according to the latest curriculum and guidelines. Production of various pharmaceutical products falls within the concept of biotechnology. Revise the basic concepts of Biotechnology: Principles and Processes for quick revision and class notes.

Q1: Can you list 10 recombinant proteins which are used in medical practice? Find out where they are used as therapeutics (use the internet).

Answer: 

Recombinant proteins	Use in medical practice
Insulin	To treat type I diabetes mellitus
Interferon B	To treat sclerosis
DNAase I	To treat cystic fibrosis
Tissue plasminogen activator	To treat acute myocardial infarction
Blood clotting factor IX	To treat hemophilia B type
Herpes Vaccine	Prevention of infectious diseases
Human growth hormone	To treat dwarfism
Hepatitis B vaccine	Prevention of infectious diseases
Tissue plasminogen activator	To treat acute myocardial infarction
Platelet-derived growth factor	For wound healing

Q2: Make a chart (with diagrammatic representation) showing a restriction enzyme, the substrate DNA on which it acts, the site at which it cuts DNA, and the product it produces.

Answer:

The name of the restriction enzyme is Bam HI The substrate DNA on which it acts:

Q3: From what you have learned, can you tell whether enzymes are bigger or DNA is bigger in molecular size? How did you know?

Answer:

Enzymes and DNA, both are macromolecules but DNA is bigger in molecular size as compared to proteins because proteins are synthesized by genes which are the small segments of the DNA.

Q4: What would be the molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell? Consult your teacher.

Answer:

The Molar concentration of DNA in a human cell = a total number of chromosomes multiplied by 6.022 × 1023.

The total number of chromosomes is 46. So, 46 ​​× 6.022 × 1023 = mol 2.77 × 1023. The molar concentration of human DNA in a human cell is 2 mg/ml.

Q5: Do eukaryotic cells have restriction endonucleases? Justify your answer.

Answer:

No, eukaryotic cells do not have restriction endonucleases due to heavy methylated DNA. Restriction endonuclease enzymes are extracted from several strains of bacteria classified as prokaryotes. In bacteria, these enzymes provide a defense mechanism against viruses.

Q6: Besides better aeration and mixing properties, what other advantages do stirred tank bioreactors have over shake flasks?

Answer:

The advantages of stirred tank bioreactors over shake flasks are-

1. They have an oxygen supply system.
2. They can be used for the commercial production of biotechnological products like hormones, enzymes, vaccines, etc.
3. They have a good control system for foam formation, temperature, and pH.

Q7: Collect 5 examples of palindromic DNA sequences by consulting your teacher. Better try to create a palindromic sequence by following base-pair rules.

Answer:

Five examples of palindromic DNA sequences by following base-pair rules are given below-

1. 

• 5′—–AGGCCT—–3′
• 3′—–TCCGGA—–5′

2. 

• 5′—–CTGCAG—–3′ 
• 3′—–GACGTC—–5′

3.

• 5′—–AGCT—–3′ 
• 3′—–TCGA—–5′

4.

• 5′—–AAGCTT—–3′ 
• 3′—–TTCGAA—–5′

5. 

• 5’—–AAGCTT—–3′
• 3′—–TTCGAA—–5′

Q8: Can you recall meiosis and indicate at what stage a recombinant DNA is made?

Answer:

Recombinant DNA is formed due to the crossing over between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, and it occurs during the pachytene stage of the prophase of meiosis I

Q9: Can you think and answer how a reporter enzyme can be used to monitor the transformation of host cells by foreign DNA in addition to a selectable marker?

Answer:

The reporter enzyme can be used to monitor the transformation of host cells by foreign DNA. This can be done through the activity of the relevant genes, i.e. the receptor gene 3-galactosidase (Lac Z) is not observed in the transformed cells and therefore appears colorless. Untransformed cells stained blue indicate that they do not contain foreign DNA.

Q10: Describe briefly the following.

1. Origin of replication
2. Bioreactors
3. Downstream processing

Answer:

Origin of replication: The origin of replication is also known as the replication start site. It is a specific sequence in the genome where replication occurs. It is the sequence where DNA replication is initiated in a genome. Many bacteria have a single molecule of DNA and possess only one origin of replication. Since eukaryotic chromosomes are larger, they have multiple origins of replication throughout their length. 

Bioreactors: Bioreactors are closed vessels used for upstreaming bioprocessing in which raw materials from the whole cell are converted into biochemical or biopharmaceutical products like vaccines, hormones, and enzymes. In bioreactors, the optimal conditions are provided like optimum temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen, etc.

Downstream processing: This is the process to recover and purify the biosynthetic products specifically pharmaceuticals from natural sources like a cell or fermentation broth. It includes the recycling of the components as well as their proper treatment and disposal. Quality control testing for all the products is required. It varies from product to product.

Q11: Explain briefly.

1. PCR
2. Restriction enzymes and DNA
3. Chitinase

Answer:

1. PCR- A polymerase chain reaction is a biological technique for replicating DNA with the help of enzymes but a living organism e.g. E.coli or yeast is not involved here. The steps involved in PCR are:
   1. Denaturation of double-stranded DNA and separating it into single-stranded DNA.
   2. Annealing of primer to single-stranded DNA.
   3. Extension of primer with the help of Taq DNA polymerase enzyme.
2. Restriction enzymes and DNA: Restriction enzymes are the enzymes that cut DNA at some specific sites. The restriction enzyme first recognizes the recognition site on the DNA template. When it finds the site, binds at that region and cuts both the strands at the site where the sugar-phosphate backbone is present. The sites at which restriction enzymes cut the DNA are known as recognition sites of that DNA.
3. Chitinase– During the isolation of the DNA in recombinant DNA technology, the fungal cells are heated with an enzyme, chitinase which dissolves the chitin present in the membrane to open the cell for release of DNA with some other macromolecules like RNA, and polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. 

Q12: Discuss with your teacher and find out how to distinguish between

1. Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA
2. RNA and DNA
3. Exonuclease and Endonuclease

Answer:

Plasmid DNA and Chromosomal DNA:

Plasmid DNA	Chromosomal DNA
It is an extra chromosomal DNA molecule that is found in prokaryotes only e.g. bacteria.	It is a complete DNA present inside the chromosomes of both the prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
It has the origin of replication. So, replicates on its own.	It replicates with the genome.
It is not essential for the functioning of the cell and reproduction.	It is essential for the functioning of the cell and reproduction.

RNA and DNA:

DNA	RNA
It contains deoxyribose sugars	It contains ribose sugars
It stores and transfers hereditary information from parents to their offspring	It transfers genetic code for protein synthesis
It is self-replicating	It is synthesised from DNA when required

Exonuclease and Endonuclease:

Exonuclease	Endonuclease
It removes nucleotides one by one from the DNA fragment	It separates nucleotides into two or more fragments
It cuts at the end of the polynucleotide chain	It cuts in the mid portion of the polynucleotide chain
It requires 3’ or 5’-OH groups	It does not require 3’ or 5’-OH groups

Key Features of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

• They enhance the conceptual knowledge of the students.
• Clear and Comprehensible Content.
• Aid in Competitive Exam Preparation.
• The answers are provided by Top subject experts.
• Readily available and easily accessible.

FAQs on Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 NCERT Solution

Q1: What is the name of chapter 9 of ncert class 12 Biology?

Answer:

Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 name is Biotechnology: Principles and Processes which is about the process of biotechnology.

Q2: Where can I find NCERT solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9?

Answer:

NCERT solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 can be found on various online platforms such as the official NCERT website, GeeksForGeeks, and more.

Q3: Why are NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 beneficial for the students??

Answer:

The benefits of using the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 are:

1. Completely solved answers for all the questions present in the NCERT textbook are available in PDF format.
2. Simple and easy-to-understand language is used to make learning fun for the students.
3. Top Subject matter experts prepare the solutions after conducting vast research on each concept.
4. The solutions not only help students with their board exam preparation but also for various competitive exams like JEE, NEET, etc.