ML | Fowlkes-Mallows Score

The Fowlkes-Mallows Score is an evaluation metric to evaluate the similarity among clusterings obtained after applying different clustering algorithms. Although technically it is used to quantify the similarity between two clusterings, it is typically used to evaluate the clustering performance of a clustering algorithm by assuming the second clustering to be the ground-truth ie the observed data and assuming it to be the perfect clustering. Let there be N number of data points in the data and k number of clusters in clusterings A1 and A2. Then the matrix M is built such that where determines the number of data points that lie in the ith cluster in clustering A1 and the jth cluster in clustering A2. The Fowlkes-Mallows index for the parameter k is given by where The following terms are defined in the context of the above-defined symbolic conventions:-

1. True Positive(TP): The number of pair of data points which are in the same cluster in A1 and in A2.
2. False Positive(FP): The number of pair of data points which are in the same cluster in A1 but not in A2.
3. False Negative(FN): The number of pair of data points which are not in the same cluster in A1 but are in the same cluster in A2.
4. True Negative(TN): The number of pair of data points which are not in the same cluster in neither A1 nor A2.

Obviously Thus the Fowlkes-Mallows Index can also be expressed as:- Rewriting the above expression [Tex]\Rightarrow B_{k} = \sqrt{Precision\times Recall} [/Tex]Thus the Fowlkes-Mallows Index is the geometric mean of the precision and the recall. Properties:

• Assumption-Less: This evaluation metric does not assume any property about the cluster structure thus proving to be significantly advantageous than traditional evaluation methods.
• Ground-Truth Rules: One disadvantage to this evaluation metric is that it requires the knowledge of the ground-truth rules(Class Labels) to evaluate a clustering algorithm.

The below steps will demonstrate how to evaluate the Fowlkes-Mallows Index for a clustering algorithm by using Sklearn. The dataset for the below steps is the Credit Card Fraud Detection dataset which can be downloaded from Kaggle. Step 1: Importing the required libraries

Python3

import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
from sklearn.metrics import fowlkes_mallows

Step 2: Loading and Cleaning the data

Python3

#Changing the working location to the location of the file
cd C:\Users\Dev\Desktop\Kaggle\Credit Card Fraud

#Loading the data
df = pd.read_csv('creditcard.csv')

#Separating the dependent and independent variables
y = df['Class']
X = df.drop('Class',axis=1)

X.head()

Step 3: Building different Clustering and evaluating individual performances The following step lines of code involve Building different K-Means Clustering models each having different values for the parameter n_clusters and then evaluating each individual performance using the Fowlkes-Mallows Score. 

Python3

#List of Fowlkes-Mallows Scores for different models
fms_scores = []

#List of different number of clusters
N_Clusters = [2,3,4,5,6]

a) n_clusters = 2

Python3

#Building the clustering model
kmeans2 = KMeans(n_clusters=2)

#Training the clustering model
kmeans2.fit(X)

#Storing the predicted Clustering labels
labels2 = kmeans2.predict(X)

#Evaluating the performance
fms_scores.append(fms(y,labels2))

b) n_clusters = 3

Python3

#Building the clustering model
kmeans3 = KMeans(n_clusters=3)

#Training the clustering model
kmeans3.fit(X)

#Storing the predicted Clustering labels
labels3 = kmeans3.predict(X)

#Evaluating the performance
fms_scores.append(fms(y,labels3))

c) n_clusters = 4

Python3

#Building the clustering model
kmeans4 = KMeans(n_clusters=4)

#Training the clustering model
kmeans4.fit(X)

#Storing the predicted Clustering labels
labels4 = kmeans4.predict(X)

#Evaluating the performance
fms_scores.append(fms(y,labels4))

d) n_clusters = 5

Python3

#Building the clustering model
kmeans5 = KMeans(n_clusters=5)

#Training the clustering model
kmeans5.fit(X)

#Storing the predicted Clustering labels
labels5 = kmeans5.predict(X)

#Evaluating the performance
fms_scores.append(fms(y,labels5))

e) n_clusters = 6

Python3

#Building the clustering model
kmeans6 = KMeans(n_clusters=6)

#Training the clustering model
kmeans6.fit(X)

#Storing the predicted Clustering labels
labels6 = kmeans6.predict(X)

#Evaluating the performance
fms_scores.append(fms(y,labels6))

Python3

print(fms_scores)

Step 4: Visualizing and Comparing the results

Python3

#Plotting a Bar Graph to compare the models
plt.bar(N_Clusters,fms_scores)
plt.xlabel('Number of Clusters')
plt.ylabel('Fowlkes Mallows Score')
plt.title('Comparison of different Clustering Models')
plt.show()

Thus, quite obviously, the clustering with the number of clusters = 2 is the most similar to the observed data because the data has only two class labels.