Minimum flips to make Matrix identical for all rotations

Given a binary matrix Mat[][] of size N*N, the task is to find the minimum number of flips to be performed such that the matrix is identical for all rotations.

Examples:

Input: Mat[][] = {{1, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 0}, {1, 0, 1}}
Output: 1
Explanation:  Change the element at row = 1, col =  3 from 0 to 1.
Now for all the rotations the matrix is identical.

Input: {{0}}
Output: 0

Approach: To solve the problem follow the below idea:

Rotate the matrix 4 times and for every position check how many of elements needs to be changed based on their positions in each rotation.

Follow the steps mentioned below to implement the observation:

• Initialize a matrix of size N² with 0 to store the count of 1 at that position for every rotation.
• Rotate the matrix 4 times and count 1 for every position of the matrix.
• Initialize Sum = 0 and count min(count of 1, count of 0) for every position of Mat[][].
• Return Sum/4, as we count the same position 4 times.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ code for the above approach:

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// After transpose we swap
// elements of column
// one by one for finding left
// rotation of matrix
// by 90 degree
void reverseColumns(vector<vector<bool> >& arr)
{
    int R = arr.size();
    int C = arr[0].size();

    for (int i = 0; i < C; i++)
        for (int j = 0, k = C - 1; j < k; j++, k--)
            swap(arr[j][i], arr[k][i]);
}

// Function to do transpose of matrix
void transpose(vector<vector<bool> >& arr)
{
    int R = arr.size();
    int C = arr[0].size();

    for (int i = 0; i < R; i++)
        for (int j = i; j < C; j++)
            swap(arr[i][j], arr[j][i]);
}

// Function to rotate matrix
// anticlockwise by 90 degree
void rotate(vector<vector<bool> >& arr)
{
    transpose(arr);
    reverseColumns(arr);
}

// Function to return the minimum number of flips
int solve(vector<vector<bool> > v, int n)
{
    int Sum = 0;

    // Initialize Count vector
    vector<vector<int> > c(n, vector<int>(n, 0));

    // Count 1 in each position for every rotation
    for (int t = 0; t < 4; t++) {
        rotate(v);
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                if (v[i][j] == 1)
                    c[i][j]++;
            }
        }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            Sum += min(c[i][j], 4 - c[i][j]);
        }
    }

    // Count Minimum reversal
    return Sum / 4;
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    vector<vector<bool> > v
        = { { 1, 0, 0 }, { 0, 1, 0 }, { 1, 0, 1 } };

    int N = 3;

    // Function call
    cout << solve(v, N) << endl;
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java code to implement the above approach
import java.util.*;

class GFG {


  // After transpose we swap
  // elements of column
  // one by one for finding left
  // rotation of matrix
  // by 90 degree
  static void reverseColumns(int[][] arr)
  {
    int R = arr.length;
    int C = arr[0].length;

    for (int i = 0; i < C; i++){
      for (int j = 0, k = C - 1; j < k; j++, k--){
        int temp = arr[j][i];
        arr[j][i] = arr[k][i];
        arr[k][i] = temp;
      }
    }
  }

  // Function to do transpose of matrix
  static void transpose(int[][] arr)
  {
    int R = arr.length;
    int C = arr[0].length;

    for (int i = 0; i < R; i++){
      for (int j = i; j < C; j++){
        int temp = arr[j][i];
        arr[j][i] = arr[i][j];
        arr[i][j] = temp;
      }
    }
  }

  // Function to rotate matrix
  // anticlockwise by 90 degree
  static void rotate(int[][] arr)
  {
    transpose(arr);
    reverseColumns(arr);
  }

  // Function to return the minimum number of flips
  static int solve(int[][] v, int n)
  {
    double Sum = 0.0;

    // Initialize Count vector
    int[][] c = new int[n][n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
        c[i][j] = 1;
      }
    }

    // Count 1 in each position for every rotation
    for (int t = 0; t < 4; t++) {
      rotate(v);
      for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
          if (v[i][j] == 1)
            c[i][j]++;
        }
      }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
        Sum += Math.min(c[i][j], 4 - c[i][j]);
      }
    }

    // Count Minimum reversal
    return (int)Math.round(Sum / 4);
  }

  // Driver Code
  public static void main (String[] args) {

    int[][] v
      = { { 1, 0, 0 }, { 0, 1, 0 }, { 1, 0, 1 } };

    int N = 3;

    // Function call
    System.out.println(solve(v, N));
  }
}

// This code is contributed by sanjoy_62.

Python3

class GFG :
  
    # After transpose we swap
    # elements of column
    # one by one for finding left
    # rotation of matrix
    # by 90 degree
    @staticmethod
    def reverseColumns( arr) :
        R = len(arr)
        C = len(arr[0])
        i = 0
        while (i < C) :
            j = 0
            k = C - 1
            while (j < k) :
                temp = arr[j][i]
                arr[j][i] = arr[k][i]
                arr[k][i] = temp
                j += 1
                k -= 1
            i += 1
            
    # Function to do transpose of matrix
    @staticmethod
    def transpose( arr) :
        R = len(arr)
        C = len(arr[0])
        i = 0
        while (i < R) :
            j = i
            while (j < C) :
                temp = arr[j][i]
                arr[j][i] = arr[i][j]
                arr[i][j] = temp
                j += 1
            i += 1
            
    # Function to rotate matrix
    # anticlockwise by 90 degree
    @staticmethod
    def rotate( arr) :
        GFG.transpose(arr)
        GFG.reverseColumns(arr)
        
    # Function to return the minimum number of flips
    @staticmethod
    def  solve( v,  n) :
        Sum = 0.0
        
        # Initialize Count vector
        c = [[0] * (n) for _ in range(n)]
        i = 0
        while (i < n) :
            j = 0
            while (j < n) :
                c[i][j] = 1
                j += 1
            i += 1
            
        # Count 1 in each position for every rotation
        t = 0
        while (t < 4) :
            GFG.rotate(v)
            i = 0
            while (i < n) :
                j = 0
                while (j < n) :
                    if (v[i][j] == 1) :
                        c[i][j] += 1
                    j += 1
                i += 1
            t += 1
        i = 0
        while (i < n) :
            j = 0
            while (j < n) :
                Sum += min(c[i][j],4 - c[i][j])
                j += 1
            i += 1
            
        # Count Minimum reversal
        return int(round(Sum / 4))
      
    # Driver Code
    @staticmethod
    def main( args) :
        v = [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1]]
        N = 3
        
        # Function call
        print(GFG.solve(v, N))
    
if __name__=="__main__":
    GFG.main([])
    
    # This code is contributed by aadityaburujwale.

C#

// C# code to implement the above approach
using System;

public class GFG{

  // After transpose we swap
  // elements of column
  // one by one for finding left
  // rotation of matrix
  // by 90 degree
  static void reverseColumns(int[,] arr)
  {
    int C = arr.GetLength(1);

    for (int i = 0; i < C; i++){
      for (int j = 0, k = C - 1; j < k; j++, k--){
        int temp = arr[j ,i];
        arr[j, i] = arr[k ,i];
        arr[k, i] = temp;
      }
    }
  }

  // Function to do transpose of matrix
  static void transpose(int[, ] arr)
  {
    int R = arr.GetLength(0);
    int C = arr.GetLength(1);

    for (int i = 0; i < R; i++){
      for (int j = i; j < C; j++){
        int temp = arr[j,i];
        arr[j,i] = arr[i,j];
        arr[i,j] = temp;
      }
    }
  }

  // Function to rotate matrix
  // anticlockwise by 90 degree
  static void rotate(int[,] arr)
  {
    transpose(arr);
    reverseColumns(arr);
  }

  // Function to return the minimum number of flips
  static int solve(int[,] v, int n)
  {
    double Sum = 0.0;

    // Initialize Count vector
    int[,] c = new int[n,n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
        c[i,j] = 1;
      }
    }

    // Count 1 in each position for every rotation
    for (int t = 0; t < 4; t++) {
      rotate(v);
      for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
          if (v[i,j] == 1)
            c[i,j]++;
        }
      }
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
        Sum += Math.Min(c[i,j], 4 - c[i,j]);
      }
    }

    // Count Minimum reversal
    return (int)Math.Round(Sum / 4);
  }

  // Driver Code
  static public void Main (){

    int[,] v
      = new int[,] { { 1, 0, 0 }, { 0, 1, 0 }, { 1, 0, 1 } };

    int N = 3;

    // Function call
    Console.Write(solve(v, N));
  }
}

// This code is contributed by hrithikgarg03188.

Javascript

    <script>
        // JavaScript code for the above approach:


        // After transpose we swap
        // elements of column
        // one by one for finding left
        // rotation of matrix
        // by 90 degree
        const reverseColumns = (arr) => {
            let R = arr.length;
            let C = arr[0].length;

            for (let i = 0; i < C; i++)
                for (let j = 0, k = C - 1; j < k; j++, k--) {
                    let temp = arr[j][i];
                    arr[j][i] = arr[k][i];
                    arr[k][i] = temp;
                }
        }

        // Function to do transpose of matrix
        const transpose = (arr) => {
            let R = arr.length;
            let C = arr[0].length;

            for (let i = 0; i < R; i++)
                for (let j = i; j < C; j++) {
                    let temp = arr[j][i];
                    arr[j][i] = arr[i][j];
                    arr[i][j] = temp;
                }
        }

        // Function to rotate matrix
        // anticlockwise by 90 degree
        const rotate = (arr) => {
            transpose(arr);
            reverseColumns(arr);
        }

        // Function to return the minimum number of flips
        const solve = (v, n) => {
            let Sum = 0;

            // Initialize Count vector
            let c = new Array(n).fill(0).map(() => new Array(n).fill(0));

            // Count 1 in each position for every rotation
            for (let t = 0; t < 4; t++) {
                rotate(v);
                for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                    for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                        if (v[i][j] == 1)
                            c[i][j]++;
                    }
                }
            }

            for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
                    Sum += Math.min(c[i][j], 4 - c[i][j]);
                }
            }

            // Count Minimum reversal
            return parseInt(Sum / 4);
        }

        // Driver Code

        let v = [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 1]];

        let N = 3;

        // Function call
        document.write(solve(v, N));

    // This code is contributed by rakeshsahni

    </script>

Output

1

Time Complexity: O(N²)
Auxiliary Space: O(N²)