Maximize XOR subsequence possible by equidistant elements from both ends

Given an array A[] of size N, find the Maximum Xor Subsequence such that both A [ i ] and A [ N – i – 1 ] belong to this subsequence, where i ranges between [0, N – 1].

Examples:

Input: N = 8, A [ ] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
Output: 13
Explanation:
Maximum Xor Subsequence is {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}

Input: N = 5, A [ ] = {3, 2, 6, 5, 4}
Output: 6
Explanation:
Maximum Xor Subsequence is {3, 2, 6, 5, 4}

Approach:
Since, both A[i] and A[N-i-1] should be present in the same subsequence, pair them up and then find maximum xor sum. For each valid index i, calculate (A[i] ^ A[N-i-1]) and store it in new array X. Size of this new array will be N/2.



Naive Solution:
The simplest approach after creating array X[] for this problem is to recursively generate all subsequences of X and find the maximum xor subsequence.
Following is the recursive definition of maxXorSubseq(X, N, i):

maxXorSubseq ( X, N, i ) = MAX ( X[ i ] ^ maxXorSubseq ( X, N, i + 1 ), maxXorSubseq (X, N, i + 1) )

The total possible combinations will be 2N.
Time Complexity: O(2N)

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

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// C++ implementation
// of the above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
  
// Returns maximum xor
int maxXorSubseq(vector<int> &x, int n,
                                 int i)
{
    if(i == n)
       return 0;
  
    return max(x[i] ^ maxXorSubseq(x, n, 
                                   i + 1), 
                      maxXorSubseq(x, n, 
                                   i + 1));
}
  
vector<int> compute(vector<int> a, int n)
{
    vector<int> x;
  
    // Calculate a[i]^a[n-i-1]
    for(int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++)
       x.push_back(a[i] ^ a[n - i - 1]);
  
    // If n is odd
    if(n & 1)
       x.push_back(a[n / 2]);
  
    return x;
}
  
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int n = 8;
    vector<int> a = { 1, 2, 3, 4,
                      5, 6, 7, 8 };
      
    // Getting new array x
    vector<int> x = compute(a, n);
      
    int mxXor = maxXorSubseq(x, x.size(), 0);
      
    cout << (mxXor);
    return 0;
}
  
// This code is contributed by mohit kumar 29    

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Java














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// Java implementation  


// of the above approach  


import java.util.*; 


  


class GFG{ 


  


// Returns maximum xor 


static int maxXorSubseq(List<Integer> x, int n, 


                                         int i) 


{ 


    if(i == n) 


    return 0; 


  


    return Math.max(x.get(i) ^ maxXorSubseq(x, n,  


                                            i + 1),  


                               maxXorSubseq(x, n,  


                                            i + 1)); 


} 


  


static List<Integer> compute(List<Integer> a, int n) 


{ 


    List<Integer> x = new ArrayList<Integer>(); 


  


    // Calculate a[i]^a[n-i-1] 


    for(int i = 0; i < n / 2; i++) 


        x.add(a.get(i) ^ a.get(n - i - 1)); 


  


    // If n is odd 


    if((n & 1) == 1) 


        x.add(a.get(n / 2)); 


  


    return x; 


} 


  


// Driver code 


public static void main(String[] args) 


{ 


    int n = 8; 


    List<Integer> a = Arrays.asList( 1, 2, 3, 4, 


                                     5, 6, 7, 8 ); 


      


    // Getting new array x 


    List<Integer> x = compute(a, n); 


      


    int mxXor = maxXorSubseq(x, x.size(), 0); 


      


    System.out.println((mxXor)); 


} 


} 


  


// This code is contributed by offbeat 



















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Python3














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# Python3 implementation 


# of the above approach 


  


# Returns maximum xor  


def maxXorSubseq(x, n, i): 


      


    if(i == n): 


        return 0


          


    return max( 


        x[i]^maxXorSubseq( 


        x, n, i + 1), maxXorSubseq( 


        x, n, i + 1)) 


  


def compute(a, n): 


      


    x = [] 


      


    # Calculate a[i]^a[n-i-1] 


    for i in range(n//2):      


        x.append(a[i]^a[n-i-1]) 


      


    # If n is odd 


    if(n&1): 


        x.append(a[n//2]) 


          


    return x 


  


# Driver code 


if __name__ =="__main__": 


      


    n = 8


    a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] 


      


    # Getting new array x 


    x = compute(a, n) 


      


    mxXor = maxXorSubseq(x, len(x), 0) 


      


    print(mxXor) 



















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Output:


13







Efficient Approach:

Considering the above implementation, the following is a partial recursion tree for input X = [9, 5, 1]




In the above partial recursion tree, maxXorSubseq({1}) is being solved four times. On drawing the complete recursion tree, it can be observed that there are many subproblems that are solved again and again. So this problem has Overlapping Subproblems and recomputation of the same subproblems can be avoided by using Memoization. 


For memoization, create an array dp [ ] array and store:



dp[i] = max(x[i] ^ maxXorSubseq(x, n, i + 1), maxXorSubseq(x, n, idx + 1)



This avoids recalculation for previously calculated indices thus optimizing computational complexity.


Below is the implementation of the above approach:




Python3














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# Python3 implementation 


# of the above approach 


  


# Returns maximum xor sum 


def maxXorSubseq(x, n, idx): 


      


    if(idx == n): 


        return 0


          


    # If already precomputed 


    if(dp[idx]!=-1): 


        return dp[idx] 


  


    ans = 0


      


    ans = max( 


        ans, x[idx] ^ maxXorSubseq( 


                    x, n, idx + 1)) 


      


    ans = max(ans, maxXorSubseq( 


                    x, n, idx + 1)) 


      


    # Store the maximum 


    dp[idx] = ans 


      


    return ans 


  


def compute(a, n): 


      


    x = [] 


      


    # Calculate a[i]^a[n-i-1] 


    for i in range(n//2):  


        x.append(a[i]^a[n-i-1]) 


      


    # If n is odd 


    if(n&1): 


        x.append(a[n//2]) 


          


    return x 


      


# Declared dp[] array globally 


dp = [] 


  


# Driver code 


if __name__ =="__main__": 


      


    n = 8


    a =[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] 


      


    # Getting new array x 


    x = compute(a, n) 


  


    # Initialize dp array 


    dp = [-1 for i in range(len(x))] 


      


    mxXor = maxXorSubseq(x, len(x), 0) 


      


    print(mxXor) 


     



















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Output:


13





Time complexity: O(N)


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Improved By :  mohit kumar 29, offbeat