Josephus Problem when k is 2

There are n people standing in a circle waiting to be executed. The counting out begins at some point in the circle and proceeds around the circle in a fixed direction. In each step, a certain number of people are skipped and the next person is executed. The elimination proceeds around the circle (which is becoming smaller and smaller as the executed people are removed), until only the last person remains, who is given freedom. Given the total number of persons n and a number k which indicates that k-1 persons are skipped and kth person is killed in circle. The task is to choose the place in the initial circle so that you are the last one remaining and so survive.
We have discussed a generalized solution in below set 1.
Josephus problem | Set 1 (A O(n) Solution)
In this post, a special case is discussed when k = 2

Examples :

Input  : n = 5
Output : The person at position 3 survives
Explanation : Firstly, the person at position 2 is killed, 
then at 4, then at 1 is killed. Finally, the person at 
position 5 is killed. So the person at position 3 survives.

Input  : n = 14
Output : The person at position 13 survives

Below are some interesting facts. 

• In first round all even positioned persons are killed.
• For second round two cases arise 
  1. If n is even : For example n = 8. In first round, first 2 is killed, then 4, then 6, then 8. In second round, we have 1, 3, 5 and 7 in positions 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th respectively.
  2. If n is odd : For example n = 7. In first round, first 2 is killed, then 4, then 6. In second round, we have 3, 5, 7 in positions 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively.

If n is even and a person is in position x in current round, then the person was in position 2x – 1 in previous round.
If n is odd and a person is in position x in current round, then the person was in position 2x + 1 in previous round.
From above facts, we can recursively define the formula for finding position of survivor. 

Let f(n) be position of survivor for input n, 
the value of f(n) can be recursively written 
as below.

If n is even
   f(n) = 2f(n/2) - 1
Else
   f(n) = 2f((n-1)/2) + 1

Solution of above recurrence is 

f(n) = 2(n - 2floor(Log2n) + 1
     = 2n - 21 + floor(Log2n) + 1

Below is the implementation to find value of above formula. 

C++

// C/C++ program to find solution of Josephus
// problem when size of step is 2.
#include <stdio.h>

// Returns position of survivor among a circle
// of n persons and every second person being
// killed
int josephus(int n)
{
    // Find value of 2 ^ (1 + floor(Log n))
    // which is a power of 2 whose value
    // is just above n.
    int p = 1;
    while (p <= n)
        p *= 2;

    // Return 2n - 2^(1+floor(Logn)) + 1
    return (2 * n) - p + 1;
}

// Driver Program to test above function
int main()
{
    int n = 16;
    printf("The chosen place is %d", josephus(n));
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find solution of Josephus
// problem when size of step is 2.
import java.io.*;

class GFG {

    // Returns position of survivor among
    // a circle of n persons and every
    // second person being killed
    static int josephus(int n)
    {

        // Find value of 2 ^ (1 + floor(Log n))
        // which is a power of 2 whose value
        // is just above n.
        int p = 1;
        while (p <= n)
            p *= 2;

        // Return 2n - 2^(1+floor(Logn)) + 1
        return (2 * n) - p + 1;
    }

    // Driver Program to test above function
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int n = 16;

        System.out.println("The chosen place is "
                           + josephus(n));
    }
}

// This Code is Contributed by Anuj_67

Python3

# Python3 program to find solution of
# Josephus problem when size of step is 2.

# Returns position of survivor among a
# circle of n persons and every second
# person being killed
def josephus(n):

    # Find value of 2 ^ (1 + floor(Log n))
    # which is a power of 2 whose value
    # is just above n.
    p = 1
    while p <= n:
        p *= 2

    # Return 2n - 2^(1 + floor(Logn)) + 1
    return (2 * n) - p + 1

# Driver Code
n = 16
print ("The chosen place is", josephus(n))

# This code is contributed by Shreyanshi Arun.

C#

// C# program to find solution of Josephus
// problem when size of step is 2.
using System;

class GFG {

    // Returns position of survivor among
    // a circle of n persons and every
    // second person being killed
    static int josephus(int n)
    {

        // Find value of 2 ^ (1 + floor(Log n))
        // which is a power of 2 whose value
        // is just above n.
        int p = 1;
        while (p <= n)
            p *= 2;

        // Return 2n - 2^(1+floor(Logn)) + 1
        return (2 * n) - p + 1;
    }

    // Driver Program to test above function
    static void Main()
    {
        int n = 16;

        Console.Write("The chosen place is "
                      + josephus(n));
    }
}

// This Code is Contributed by Anuj_67

PHP

<?php
// PHP program to find solution
// of Josephus problem when
// size of step is 2.

// Returns position of survivor
// among a circle of n persons
// and every second person being
// killed
function josephus($n)
{
    // Find value of 2 ^ (1 + floor(Log n))
    // which is a power of 2 whose value
    // is just above n.
    $p = 1;
    while ($p <= $n)
        $p *= 2;

    // Return 2n - 2^(1+floor(Logn)) + 1
    return (2 * $n) - $p + 1;
}

// Driver Code
$n = 16;
echo "The chosen place is ", josephus($n);

// This code is contributed by ajit.
?>

Javascript

<script>

// Javascript program to find solution of Josephus
// problem when size of step is 2.

// Returns position of survivor among
// a circle of n persons and every
// second person being killed
function josephus(n)
{

    // Find value of 2 ^ (1 + floor(Log n))
    // which is a power of 2 whose value
    // is just above n.
    let p = 1;

    while (p <= n)
        p *= 2;

    // Return 2n - 2^(1+floor(Logn)) + 1
    return (2 * n) - p + 1;
}

// Driver code
let n = 16;

document.write("The chosen place is " +
               josephus(n));

// This code is contributed by susmitakundugoaldanga

</script>

Output:

The chosen place is 1

Time complexity of above solution is O(Log n).
This article is contributed by Rahul Jain. 

An another interesting solution to the problem while k=2 can be given based on an observation, that we just have to left rotate the binary representation of N to get the required answer. A working code for 
the same is provided below considering number to be 64-bit number. 

Below is the implementation of the above approach:  

C++

// C++ program to find solution of Josephus
// problem when size of step is 2.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

// Returns position of survivor among a circle
// of n persons and every second person being
// killed
int josephus(int n)
{
    // An interesting observation is that
    // for every number of power of two
    // answer is 1 always.
    if (!(n & (n - 1)) && n) {
        return 1;
    }

    // The trick is just to right rotate the
    // binary representation of n once.
    // Find whether the number shed off
    // during left shift is set or not

    bitset<64> Arr(n);

    // shifting the bitset Arr
    // f will become true once leftmost
    // set bit is found
    bool f = false;
    for (int i = 63; i >= 0; --i) {
        if (Arr[i] == 1 && !f) {
            f = true;
            Arr[i] = Arr[i - 1];
        }
        if (f) {

            // shifting bits
            Arr[i] = Arr[i - 1];
        }
    }

    Arr[0] = 1;

    int res;

    // changing bitset to int
    res = (int)(Arr.to_ulong());
    return res;
}

// Driver Program to test above function
int main()
{
    int n = 16;
    printf("The chosen place is %d", josephus(n));
    return 0;
}

Java

public class Main {
  public static int josephus(int n)
  {

    // An interesting observation is that
    // for every number of power of two
    // answer is 1 always.
    if (~((n & (n - 1))) != 0 && n != 0) {
      return 1;
    }

    // The trick is just to right rotate the
    // binary representation of n once.
    // Find whether the number shed off
    // during left shift is set or not
    int[] arr = new int[64];
    char[] bin = Integer.toBinaryString(n).toCharArray();
    int i = 64 - bin.length;
    for (int j = 0; j < bin.length; j++) {
      arr[i++] = bin[j] - '0';
    }

    // shifting the bitset arr
    // f will become true once leftmost
    // set bit is found
    boolean f = false;
    for (i = 63; i >= 0; i--) {
      if (arr[i] == 1 && !f) {
        f = true;
        arr[i] = arr[i - 1];
      }

      if (f) {
        // shifting bits
        arr[i] = arr[i - 1];
      }
    }

    arr[0] = 1;

    // changing bitset to int
    int res = 0;
    for (i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
      res += arr[i] * (1L << (63 - i));
    }
    return res;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    int n = 16;
    System.out.println("The chosen place is " + josephus(n));
  }
}

Python3

# Python 3 program to find solution of Josephus
# problem when size of step is 2.


# Returns position of survivor among a circle
# of n persons and every second person being
# killed
def josephus(n):
    # An interesting observation is that
    # for every number of power of two
    # answer is 1 always.
    if (~(n & (n - 1)) and n) :
        return 1


    # The trick is just to right rotate the
    # binary representation of n once.
    # Find whether the number shed off
    # during left shift is set or not

    Arr=list(map(lambda x:int(x),list(bin(n)[2:])))
    Arr=[0]*(64-len(Arr))+Arr

    # shifting the bitset Arr
    # f will become true once leftmost
    # set bit is found
    f = False
    for i in range(63,-1,-1) :
        if (Arr[i] == 1 and not f) :
            f = True
            Arr[i] = Arr[i - 1]

        if (f) :

            # shifting bits
            Arr[i] = Arr[i - 1]



    Arr[0] = 1

    # changing bitset to int
    res = int(''.join(Arr),2)
    return res


# Driver Program to test above function
if __name__ == '__main__':
    n = 16
    print("The chosen place is", josephus(n))

C#

using System;

public class Mainn
{
    public static long josephus(long n)
    {

        // An interesting observation is that
        // for every number of power of two
        // answer is 1 always.
        if (~((n & (n - 1))) != 0 && n != 0)
        {
            return 1;
        }

        // The trick is just to right rotate the
        // binary representation of n once.
        // Find whether the number shed off
        // during left shift is set or not
        int[] arr = new int[64];
        char[] bin = Convert.ToString(n, 2).ToCharArray();
        int i = 64 - bin.Length;
        for (int j = 0; j < bin.Length; j++)
        {
            arr[i++] = bin[j] - '0';
        }

        // shifting the bitset arr
        // f will become true once leftmost
        // set bit is found
        bool f = false;
        for (i = 63; i >= 0; i--)
        {
            if (arr[i] == 1 && !f)
            {
                f = true;
                arr[i] = arr[i - 1];
            }

            if (f)
            {
                // shifting bits
                arr[i] = arr[i - 1];
            }
        }

        arr[0] = 1;

        // changing bitset to long
        long res = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < 64; i++)
        {
            res += arr[i] * (1L << (63 - i));
        }
        return res;
    }

    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        long n = 16;
        Console.WriteLine("The chosen place is " + josephus(n));
    }
}

Javascript

function josephus(n) {
  // An interesting observation is that
  // for every number of power of two
  // answer is 1 always.
  if (~(n & (n - 1)) && n) {
    return 1;
  }

  // The trick is just to right rotate the
  // binary representation of n once.
  // Find whether the number shed off
  // during left shift is set or not
  let Arr = n.toString(2).split('').map(x => parseInt(x));
  Arr = Array(64 - Arr.length).fill(0).concat(Arr);

  // shifting the bitset Arr
  // f will become true once leftmost
  // set bit is found
  let f = false;
  for (let i = 63; i >= 0; i--) {
    if (Arr[i] == 1 && !f) {
      f = true;
      Arr[i] = Arr[i - 1];
    }

    if (f) {

      // shifting bits
      Arr[i] = Arr[i - 1];
    }
  }

  Arr[0] = 1;

  // changing bitset to int
  let res = parseInt(Arr.join(''), 2);
  return res;
}

// Driver Program to test above function
let n = 16;
console.log("The chosen place is", josephus(n));

Output:

The chosen place is 1

Time Complexity : O(log(n))
Auxiliary Space: O(log(n)) 
This idea is contributed by Anukul Chand. 
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