Inheritance in Scala - GeeksforGeeks

Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object Oriented Programming). It is the mechanism in Scala by which one class is allowed to inherit the features(fields and methods) of another class.
Important terminology:

Super Class: The class whose features are inherited is known as superclass(or a base class or a parent class).
Sub Class: The class that inherits the other class is known as subclass(or a derived class, extended class, or child class). The subclass can add its own fields and methods in addition to the superclass fields and methods.
Reusability: Inheritance supports the concept of “reusability”, i.e. when we want to create a new class and there is already a class that includes some of the code that we want, we can derive our new class from the existing class. By doing this, we are reusing the fields and methods of the existing class.

How to use inheritance in Scala

The keyword used for inheritance is extends.
Syntax:

class parent_class_name extends child_class_name{
// Methods and fields
}

Example:

// Scala program to illustrate the  
// implementation of inheritance 
  
// Base class 
class Geeks1{ 
    var Name: String = "Ankita"
} 
  
// Derived class 
// Using extends keyword  
class Geeks2 extends Geeks1
{ 
    var Article_no: Int = 130
      
    // Method 
    def details() 
    { 
    println("Author name: " +Name); 
    println("Total numbers of articles: " +Article_no); 
    } 
} 
  
object Main  
{ 
      
    // Driver code 
    def main(args: Array[String])  
    { 
          
        // Creating object of derived class 
        val ob = new Geeks2(); 
        ob.details(); 
    } 
} 

Output:

Author name: Ankita
Total numbers of articles: 130

Explanation: In the above example Geeks1 is the base class and Geeks2 is the derived class which is derived from Geeks1 using extends keyword. In the main method when we create the object of Geeks2 class, a copy of all the methods and fields of the base class acquires memory in this object. That is why by using the object of the derived class we can also access the members of the base class.

Type of inheritance

Below are the different types of inheritance which are supported by Scala.

Single Inheritance: In single inheritance, derived class inherits the features of one base class. In the image below, class A serves as a base class for the derived class B.

Example:

// Scala program to illustrate the  
// Single inheritance 
  
// Base class 
class Parent 
{ 
    var Name: String = "Ankita"
} 
  
// Derived class 
// Using extends keyword  
class Child extends Parent 
{ 
    var Age: Int = 22
      
    // Method 
    def details() 
    { 
    println("Name: " +Name); 
    println("Age: " +Age); 
    } 
} 
  
object Main 
{ 
      
    // Driver code 
    def main(args: Array[String])  
    { 
          
        // Creating object of the derived class 
        val ob = new Child(); 
        ob.details(); 
    } 
} 

Output:

Name: Ankita
Age: 22

Multilevel Inheritance: In Multilevel Inheritance, a derived class will be inheriting a base class and as well as the derived class also act as the base class to another class. In the below image, the class A serves as a base class for the derived class B, which in turn serves as a base class for the derived class C.

Example:

// Scala program to illustrate the  
// Multilevel inheritance 
  
// Base class 
class Parent 
{ 
    var Name: String = "Soniya"
} 
  
// Derived from parent class 
// Base class for Child2 class 
class Child1 extends Parent 
{ 
    var Age: Int = 32
} 
  
// Derived from Child1 class 
class Child2 extends Child1
{ 
    // Method 
    def details(){ 
    println("Name: " +Name); 
    println("Age: " +Age); 
    } 
} 
  
object Main 
{ 
      
    // Drived Code 
    def main(args: Array[String])  
    { 
          
        // Creating object of the derived class 
        val ob = new Child2(); 
        ob.details(); 
    } 
} 

Output:

Name: Soniya
Age: 32

Hierarchical Inheritance: In Hierarchical Inheritance, one class serves as a superclass (base class) for more than one subclass.In below image, class A serves as a base class for the derived class B, C, and D.

Example:

// Scala program to illustrate the  
// Hierarchical inheritance 
  
// Base class 
class Parent 
{ 
    var Name1: String = "Siya"
    var Name2: String = "Soniya"
} 
  
// Derived from the parent class 
class Child1 extends Parent 
{ 
    var Age: Int = 32
    def details1() 
    { 
    println(" Name: " +Name1); 
    println(" Age: " +Age); 
    } 
} 
  
// Derived from Parent class 
class Child2 extends Parent 
{ 
    var Height: Int = 164
      
    // Method 
    def details2() 
    { 
    println(" Name: " +Name2); 
    println(" Height: " +Height); 
    } 
} 
  
object Main  
{ 
      
    // Driver code 
    def main(args: Array[String])  
    { 
          
        // Creating objects of both derived classes 
        val ob1 = new Child1(); 
        val ob2 = new Child2(); 
        ob1.details1(); 
        ob2.details2(); 
    } 
} 

Output:

 Name: Siya
 Age: 32
 Name: Soniya
 Height: 164

Multiple Inheritance: In Multiple inheritance ,one class can have more than one superclass and inherit features from all parent classes. Scala does not support multiple inheritance with classes, but it can be achieved by traits.

Example:

// Scala program to illustrate the  
// multiple inheritance using traits 
  
// Trait 1 
trait Geeks1
{ 
    def method1() 
} 
  
// Trait 2 
trait Geeks2
{ 
    def method2() 
} 
  
// Class that implement both Geeks1 and Geeks2 traits 
class GFG extends Geeks1 with Geeks2
{ 
      
    // method1 from Geeks1 
    def method1() 
    { 
        println("Trait 1"); 
    } 
      
    // method2 from Geeks2 
    def method2() 
    { 
        println("Trait 2"); 
    } 
} 
object Main  
{ 
    // Driver code 
    def main(args: Array[String]) 
    { 
          
        // Creating object of GFG class 
        var obj = new GFG(); 
        obj.method1(); 
        obj.method2(); 
    } 
} 

Output:

Trait 1
Trait 2

Hybrid Inheritance: It is a mix of two or more of the above types of inheritance. Since Scala doesn’t support multiple inheritance with classes, the hybrid inheritance is also not possible with classes. In Scala, we can achieve hybrid inheritance only through traits.

My Personal Notes

How to use inheritance in Scala

Type of inheritance

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