Harappan Civilization : History, Sites, and Culture
Harappan Civilization is the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent. It is also known as the Indus Valley Civilization. This civilization is famous for its advanced urban planning, craftsmanship, and script.
In this article, we will learn about the Indus Valley Civilization, its rich cultural heritage, and important sites like the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, etc in detail.
Indus Valley Civilization
Introduction to Harappan Civilization
Harappan Civilization is known to be a 4,700-year-old civilization in the subcontinent. It was discovered in 1920. Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira, Mohenjodaro, and Kalibangan are known as Harappa Cities and were discovered around the river Indus, hence the name Indus Valley Civilization.
- Harappan Civilization is a synonym for the Indus Valley Civilization, which arose in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent.
- It is called Harappa because this civilization was first discovered in 1921 at the modern site of Harappa situated in West Punjab (Pakistan).
- Harappa was excavated in 1921, by Dayaram Sahni while Mohenjo-Daro was discovered by R. Das Banerji in 1922 in the Larkana district of Sindh.
- It is said that the shape of the civilization was triangular being spread over 12,99,600 sq. km.
- Some of the major Harappan sites are :
- Dholavira and Lothal are located in Gujarat.
- Balathal and Kalibangan are located in the state of Rajasthan.
- Rakhigarhi is situated in Haryana.
- Ropar is another site currently located in Punjab.
Indus Valley Civilization Location on Map
Harappan Civilization Time Period
Three are four phases of Harappan Civilization in terms of the time period. They are as follows:
- Early Harappan Phase (3300 BCE to 2600 BCE)
- Mature Harappan Phase (2600 BCE to 1900 BCE)
- Late Harappan Phase (1900 BCE to 1300 BCE)
- Later Harappan phase (which is found in Rangpur and Rojdi in the Kathiawar Peninsula, Gujarat)
Archaeological Sites of Harappan Civilization
All the major archaeological sites of the Harappan Civilization, including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira have been listed in the table below.
Harappan sites and Archaeological Findings
|
Harappa |
- 6 granaries
- Seal (figure of a goddess on it)
- Stone symbols of male and female sex organs.
- Painted Pottery
- Vanity Box
- Copper made Mirror
- Dice
- Clay figure of Mother Goddess
- Wheat and barley in a wooden mortar
|
Dayaram Sahni |
1921 |
Mohenjo-Daro |
- Great Granary
- Great bath (largest building of Harappa civilization)
- Assembly Hall
- Pashupati Mahadev
- Bronze Image of women dancer
- Steatite image of a bearded man
- Human Skeletons huddled together
- Clay figured Mother Goddess
- Painted Seal
- Fragment of woven cotton
- Brick Kilns
- 2 Mesopotamian Seals
- Dice
- Seals (more than 50% of the seals have been found from here)
|
Rakhal Das Banerji |
1922 |
Lothal |
- Dockyard
- Rice Husk
- Shell ornament maker
- Bead makers’ shop
- Fire altars
- Terracotta figurine of a horse
- Double burial
- Terracotta model of ship Iranian and Bahraini seal
- Metal Workers
- Painted Jar
|
S.R.Rao |
1957 |
Kalibangan |
- Ploughed field
- 7 fire altars
- Decorated bricks
- Wheels of aToy Cart
- Mesopotamian cylindrical seal
|
Luigi Pio Tessitori |
1953 |
Chanhudaro |
- No citadel
- Inkpot
- Lipstick
- Metal workers
- Shell ornament makers
- Bead makers
- Imprint of a dog’s paw on the brick
- Terracotta model of a bullock
- Bronze toy cart
|
N.G.Majumdar |
1931 |
Banawali |
- Grid pattern town planning
- Toy plough
- Clay figures of Mother Goddess.
- Lack of systematic drainage pattern
|
Ravindra Singh Bhist |
1974 |
Dholavira |
- Water harnessing system
- Water drainage system
- A large well and a bath
- The only site is to be divided into 3 parts
- Largest Harappan inscription
- A Stadium
|
Ravindra Singh Bhist |
1991 |
Surkotada |
- Bone of horse
- Oval grave
- Pot burials
|
Sri Jagat Pati Joshi |
1964-1968, |
Daimabad |
- Bronze images with a charioteer with a chariot, ox, elephant, and rhinoceros.
|
B.P. Bopardikar |
1958 |
Major Harappan Sites on the Map
Some major Harappan sites, their related rivers and locations in today’s time have been tabulated below:
Indus Valley Civilization on the Current Map
|
Harappa |
Ravi |
Montgomery District, Pakistan |
Mohenjo-Daro |
Daro Sindhu |
Larkana District of Sindh, Pakistan |
Kalibanga |
Ghaghara |
Hanumangarh of Rajasthan |
Lothal |
Bhogwa |
Ahmedabad of Gujarat |
Ropar |
Sutlej |
Ropar district of Punjab |
Manda |
Chenab |
Jammu and Kashmir |
Daimabad |
Pravara |
Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra |
Alamgirpur |
Hindon |
Meerut District of Uttar Pradesh |
Sutkagendor |
Dasht |
Balochistan Makran Coast, Pakistan |
Rangpur |
Madar |
Kathiyawadi district of Gujarat |
Do Check- Harappan Sites in India
Harappan Civilization Features
Some of the important features of the Harappan Civilization are:
- Urban Planning
- Agriculture
- Domestication of Animals
- Technology and Crafts
- Trade and Commerce
- Harappan Seals, Script, and Weights
- Religion and Worship
- Bronze Casting
Let’s discuss them in detail.
Urban Planning in Harappan Civilization
The town of Indus Valley Civilization was divided into two parts. One part was, raised citadel where the rulers were staying, in the other part of the lower town lived the ruled and the poor. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa had their own citadel.
Some of the important features of urban planning in harappan civilization are as follows:
- Houses in the cities followed the grid pattern.
- Burnt bricks were used in the construction.
- Underground drainage system (giant water reservoirs were found in Dholavira)
- Houses in harappan civilization were well planned and the material which was used for building included sun-dried bricks and burnt bricks.
- Houses had a separate bathing areas and were mostly one or two- storeyed.
- The houses had wells and each house had proper drainage system planned and were connected with the streets.
- The streets had proper planning of waste disposal, water supply and lighting.
Harappan Civilization and Citadel
- The cities in Indus Valley Civilization were divided into two or more parts.
- The eastern portion of the city was located in lower level but was larger in size. The western portion of the city was situated higher but was much smaller in size, this was the citadel.
- In certain cities of Indus Valley Civilization, special buildings have been constructed on citadel. For instance, in case of Mohenjodaro of Indus Valley Civilization, special tank had been placed in citadel and it was termed as “Great Bath”.
Read More on, Town Planning of Harappan Civilization
Harappan Civilization: Agriculture
According to the findings, agriculture was the backbone of the Harappan Civilization. Sowing used to happen during the time of November.
- No hoe or ploughshare has been discovered but furrows were discovered at the Kalibangan.
- Wooden ploughshare is used by Harappans.
- Gabarbands or nalas enclosed by dams were present in parts of Baluchistan and Afghanistan.
- Canal Irrigation seems to be absent.
- Harappan people used to grow wheat, barley, peas, sesamum, and mustard.
- Lothal people used to grow rice.
- Huge granaries were found in both Mohenjodaro and Harappa and possibly in Kalibangan.
- It has been regarded that the Indus people were the earliest people to produce cotton.
Harappan Civilization: Domestication of Animals
Animals were domesticated in a big number.
- Oxen, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and pigs were animals that used to be domesticated.
- Harappans favored humped bulls.
- Dogs and Cats were domesticated.
- Asses and camels were animals that were used as beasts of burden.
- Horse domestication evidence comes superficially from Mohenjo-daro and from Lothal. Remains of the horse have been found from the Surkotada. But the horse was not in regular use among Harappans.
- Elephants and rhinoceros were also known by the Harappans.
Note: Harappan people in Gujarat produced rice and domesticated elephants.
Indus Valley Civilization: Technology and Crafts
Indus Valley Art came to emerge with prominence in the second half of the third millennium BCE.
Here are some of the important features of this important moment in Indian ancient history:
- The Harappan culture was from the Bronze Age.
- Harappans knew about Copper and it was brought by the Khetri copper mines of Rajasthan.
- Bronze smiths constituted an important group of artisans in the Harappan society.
- Utensils and images were produced.
- Tools and weapons such as axes, saws, knives, and spears were produced.
- A piece of woven cotton was recovered from the Mohenjo-Daro and textile impressions was also found on several objects.
- Spindle whorls were used for spinning.
- Huge brick structures were found that suggest bricklaying was an important craft.
- Boat-making was also practiced.
- Seal Making and terracotta manufacturing were important to the craft.
- Silver, gold, and precious were used for jewelry making, Bead making was also present there.
- Pottery made by potter’s wheel
Harappan Civilization: Trade and Commerce
- Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Lothal were the important centers for metallurgy and tools and weapons production as well as kitchenware.
- Navigation was practiced on the coast of the Arabian sea.
- Good commercial links of Harappans with Rajasthan, Afghanistan, and Iran have been found
- Foreign trade was flourishing in Mesopotamia.
Seal and Script of Harappan Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization is known for its enigmatic script. Here are some important characteristics of the writing system and seals of this period.
- Like ancient Mesopotamia, Harappan knew the art of writing.
- The earliest script was noticed in 1853 and the complete script was discovered in 1923.
- It has not been deciphered yet.
- Harappans followed the pictographic script, their script was not alphabetical. This script was written from right to left
Weights and Measures:
- Various articles of weight have been found.
- Weighing mostly happened in 16 or its multiples.
- Sticks have been found, which were inscribed with measures marks.
- To facilitate long-distance communication seals and sealings were used.
Harappan Culture: Religion and Worship
Let’s discuss about the nature of worship and religious practices in the Indus Valley Civilization.
- In Indus Valley Civilization, people practiced nature worship and yoni worship.
- No signs of temples have been found at the Harappan site. Except for the Great Bath, no religious structure has been found.
- Fire cult practices indication has been found in Lothal Gujarat.
- Numerous terracotta figurines have been found. (In one figurine plant is shown growing out of the embryo of a woman, which was assumed as the goddess of the earth.)
- The male deity was represented on a seal. This god has three hands and horns. This god has been represented in the sitting posture of a yogi, placing one foot on the other.
- He is surrounded by an elephant, a tiger, a rhinoceros, and a buffalo below his throne. At his feet appear two deer. it has a resemblance to Pashupati Mahadev.
- Numerous symbols of the phallus and female sex organs made of stone related to worship have been found in Harappa.
- Tree (Pipal Tree) worshipping was also there.
- Humped bulls and the animals surrounding the Pashupati Mahadeva were worshipped
- In Harappan culture, no temple practice was there.
- The founding of a large number of amulets indicates that Harappans believed in ghosts and evil forces.
Indus Valley Civilization: Bronze Casting
Certain types of bronze statues have been discovered from Harappa, which were made by technique known as Lost Wax technique. Certain parts of the country still uses this method and the method was popular in almost all sites. Both humand animal figurines have been made in this manner.
Harappan Civilization: Geographical Expansion
Indus Valley Civilization covers parts of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, and the fringes of western Uttar Pradesh
- Western boundary: Sotka-koh and Sutkagen-Dor on the Makran coast.
- Eastern boundary: Bargaon, Manpur, and Alamgirpur in U.P.
- Northern Boundary: Manda in Jammu and Ropar in Punjab.
- Southern Boundary: Daimabad in Maharashtra and Bhagatrav in Gujarat.
Of the 250 Harappan sites only six Harappan sites are regarded as cities.
- Harappa: Punjab
- Mohenjo-Daro: Sindh.
- Chanhu-Daro (130 km south of Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh).
- Lothal: Gujarat
- Kalibangan Northern Rajasthan
- Banawali: Hisar, Haryana
Note: Banawali and Kalibangan saw two cultural phases pre-Harappan and Harappan.
- The Capital City of the civilization was Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
- Port Cities were Lothal, Sutkagendor, Allahdino, Balakot and Kuntasi.
Indus Valley Civilization- FAQs
Q 1. Which of the following is the westernmost site of the Indus Valley Civilization?
- Mohenjo-Daro
- Daimabad
- Sutkagen-Dor
- Alamgirpur
3. Sutkagen-Dor
Q 2. Mohenjo-Daro was discovered in which year:
- 1921
- 1922
- 1923
- 1920
2. 1922
Q 3. The expansion of the Indus Valley Civilization does not cover which of the following state?
- Madhya Pradesh
- Gujarat
- Maharashtra
- Uttar Pradesh
1. Madhya Pradesh
Q 4. Which of the following was the port city of the Indus Civilization?
- Daimabad
- Chanhudaro
- Sutkagendor
- Surkotada
Sutkagendor
Q 5. Which of the following pair is correctly matched?
1. Harappa |
Sutlej |
2. Roper |
Bhogya |
3. Alamgirpur |
Hindon |
4. Lothal |
Saraswati |
3. Alamgirpur- Hindon
Q 6. Harappans do not know which of the following animal?
- Rhinoceros
- Lion
- Elephant
- Sheep
1. Rhinoceros
Q 7. Which of the following is the feature of the Harappan script?
- Left to right
- Alphabetical
- Pictorial
- None of the above
3. Pictorial
Q 8. “A piece of cotton” was discovered from which of the following place?
- Mohenjo-Daro
- Harappa
- Lothal
- Manda
1. Mohenjo-Daro
Q 9. Remains of Horse has been found from which of the following place?
- Daimabad
- Lothal
- Mohenjo-Daro
- Surkotada
4. Surkotada
Q 10. Which year was Harappan Civilization discovered in?
- 1921
- 1922
- 1923
- 1920
1. 1921
Q 11. Is Indus Valley Civilization and Harappan Civilization the same?
Yes, Harappan Civilization is just an another name for the Indus Valley Civilization. Since Harappa was the first site to be discovered, the Indus valley civilisation is also referred to as the Harappan civilisation.
Last Updated :
26 Dec, 2023
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