Given n appointments, find all conflicting appointments

Given n appointments, find all conflicting appointments.

Examples:

Input: appointments[] = { {1, 5} {3, 7}, {2, 6}, {10, 15}, {5, 6}, {4, 100}}
Output: Following are conflicting intervals
[3,7] Conflicts with [1,5]
[2,6] Conflicts with [1,5]
[5,6] Conflicts with [3,7]
[4,100] Conflicts with [1,5]

An appointment is conflicting, if it conflicts with any of the previous appointments in array.

We strongly recommend to minimize the browser and try this yourself first.

A Simple Solution is to one by one process all appointments from second appointment to last. For every appointment i, check if it conflicts with i-1, i-2, … 0. The time complexity of this method is O(n²).

We can use Interval Tree to solve this problem in O(nLogn) time. Following is detailed algorithm.

1) Create an Interval Tree, initially with the first appointment.
2) Do following for all other appointments starting from the second one.
   a) Check if the current appointment conflicts with any of the existing 
     appointments in Interval Tree.  If conflicts, then print the current
     appointment.  This step can be done O(Logn) time.
   b) Insert the current appointment in Interval Tree. This step also can
      be done O(Logn) time.

Following is C++ implementation of above idea.

// C++ program to print all conflicting appointments in a 
// given set of appointments 
#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
// Structure to represent an interval 
struct Interval 
{ 
    int low, high; 
}; 
  
// Structure to represent a node in Interval Search Tree 
struct ITNode 
{ 
    Interval *i;  // 'i' could also be a normal variable 
    int max; 
    ITNode *left, *right; 
}; 
  
// A utility function to create a new Interval Search Tree Node 
ITNode * newNode(Interval i) 
{ 
    ITNode *temp = new ITNode; 
    temp->i = new Interval(i); 
    temp->max = i.high; 
    temp->left = temp->right = NULL; 
}; 
  
// A utility function to insert a new Interval Search Tree 
// Node. This is similar to BST Insert.  Here the low value 
//  of interval is used tomaintain BST property 
ITNode *insert(ITNode *root, Interval i) 
{ 
    // Base case: Tree is empty, new node becomes root 
    if (root == NULL) 
        return newNode(i); 
  
    // Get low value of interval at root 
    int l = root->i->low; 
  
    // If root's low value is smaller, then new interval 
    //  goes to left subtree 
    if (i.low < l) 
        root->left = insert(root->left, i); 
  
    // Else, new node goes to right subtree. 
    else
        root->right = insert(root->right, i); 
  
    // Update the max value of this ancestor if needed 
    if (root->max < i.high) 
        root->max = i.high; 
  
    return root; 
} 
  
// A utility function to check if given two intervals overlap 
bool doOVerlap(Interval i1, Interval i2) 
{ 
    if (i1.low < i2.high && i2.low < i1.high) 
        return true; 
    return false; 
} 
  
// The main function that searches a given interval i 
// in a given Interval Tree. 
Interval *overlapSearch(ITNode *root, Interval i) 
{ 
    // Base Case, tree is empty 
    if (root == NULL) return NULL; 
  
    // If given interval overlaps with root 
    if (doOVerlap(*(root->i), i)) 
        return root->i; 
  
    // If left child of root is present and max of left child 
    // is greater than or equal to given interval, then i may 
    // overlap with an interval is left subtree 
    if (root->left != NULL && root->left->max >= i.low) 
        return overlapSearch(root->left, i); 
  
    // Else interval can only overlap with right subtree 
    return overlapSearch(root->right, i); 
} 
  
// This function prints all conflicting appointments in a given 
// array of apointments. 
void printConflicting(Interval appt[], int n) 
{ 
     // Create an empty Interval Search Tree, add first 
     // appointment 
     ITNode *root = NULL; 
     root = insert(root, appt[0]); 
  
     // Process rest of the intervals 
     for (int i=1; i<n; i++) 
     { 
         // If current appointment conflicts with any of the 
         // existing intervals, print it 
         Interval *res = overlapSearch(root, appt[i]); 
         if (res != NULL) 
            cout << "[" << appt[i].low << "," << appt[i].high 
                 << "] Conflicts with [" << res->low << ","
                 << res->high << "]\n"; 
  
         // Insert this appointment 
         root = insert(root, appt[i]); 
     } 
} 
  
  
// Driver program to test above functions 
int main() 
{ 
    // Let us create interval tree shown in above figure 
    Interval appt[] = { {1, 5}, {3, 7}, {2, 6}, {10, 15}, 
                        {5, 6}, {4, 100}}; 
    int n = sizeof(appt)/sizeof(appt[0]); 
    cout << "Following are conflicting intervals\n"; 
    printConflicting(appt, n); 
    return 0; 
} 

Output:

Following are conflicting intervals
[3,7] Conflicts with [1,5]
[2,6] Conflicts with [1,5]
[5,6] Conflicts with [3,7]
[4,100] Conflicts with [1,5]

Note that the above implementation uses simple Binary Search Tree insert operations. Therefore, time complexity of the above implementation is more than O(nLogn). We can use Red-Black Tree or AVL Tree balancing techniques to make the above implementation O(nLogn).

This article is contributed by Anmol. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above

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