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Construct Full Binary Tree from given preorder and postorder traversals

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Given two arrays that represent preorder and postorder traversals of a full binary tree, construct the binary tree. Full Binary Tree is a binary tree where every node has either 0 or 2 children.

Illustration: Following are examples of Full Trees. 

        1
      /   \
    2       3
  /  \     /  \
 4    5   6    7


       1
     /   \
   2      3
        /   \  
       4     5
           /   \  
          6    7
                  

          1
        /   \
      2       3
    /  \     /  \
   4    5   6    7
 /  \  
8    9 

It is not possible to construct a general Binary Tree from preorder and postorder traversals (See this). But if know that the Binary Tree is Full, we can construct the tree without ambiguity. Let us understand this with the help of the following example.

Let us consider the two given arrays as pre[] = {1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 5, 3, 6, 7} and post[] = {8, 9, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1}; 
In pre[], the leftmost element is root of tree. Since the tree is full and array size is more than 1. The value next to 1 in pre[], must be left child of root. So we know 1 is root and 2 is left child. How to find the all nodes in left subtree? We know 2 is root of all nodes in left subtree. All nodes before 2 in post[] must be in left subtree. Now we know 1 is root, elements {8, 9, 4, 5, 2} are in left subtree, and the elements {6, 7, 3} are in right subtree. 

                  1
                /   \
               /      \
     {8, 9, 4, 5, 2}     {6, 7, 3}

We recursively follow the above approach and get the following tree. 

          1
        /   \
      2       3
    /  \     /  \
   4    5   6    7
  / \  
 8   9 

Implementation:  

C++




// Program for construction of Full Binary Tree
 
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
 
using namespace std;
 
// A binary tree node has data, pointer to left child
// and a pointer to right child
 
class node {
public:
    int data;
    node* left;
    node* right;
};
 
// A utility function to create a node
node* newNode(int data)
{
    node* temp = new node();
 
    temp->data = data;
    temp->left = temp->right = NULL;
 
    return temp;
}
 
// A recursive function to construct Full from pre[] and
// post[]. preIndex is used to keep track of index in pre[].
// l is low index and h is high index for the current
// subarray in post[]
node* constructTreeUtil(int pre[], int post[],
                        int* preIndex, int l, int h,
                        int size)
{
    // Base case
    if (*preIndex >= size || l > h)
        return NULL;
 
    // The first node in preorder traversal is root. So take
    // the node at preIndex from preorder and make it root,
    // and increment preIndex
    node* root = newNode(pre[*preIndex]);
    ++*preIndex;
 
    // If the current subarray has only one element, no need
    // to recur
    if (l == h)
        return root;
 
    // Search the next element of pre[] in post[]
    int i;
    for (i = l; i <= h; ++i)
        if (pre[*preIndex] == post[i])
            break;
 
    // Use the index of element found in postorder to divide
    // postorder array in two parts. Left subtree and right
    // subtree
    if (i <= h) {
        root->left = constructTreeUtil(pre, post, preIndex,
                                       l, i, size);
        root->right = constructTreeUtil(pre, post, preIndex,
                                        i + 1, h - 1, size);
    }
 
    return root;
}
 
// The main function to construct Full Binary Tree from
// given preorder and postorder traversals. This function
// mainly uses constructTreeUtil()
node* constructTree(int pre[], int post[], int size)
{
    int preIndex = 0;
    return constructTreeUtil(pre, post, &preIndex, 0,
                             size - 1, size);
}
 
// A utility function to print inorder traversal of a Binary
// Tree
void printInorder(node* node)
{
    if (node == NULL)
        return;
    printInorder(node->left);
    cout << node->data << " ";
    printInorder(node->right);
}
 
// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
    int pre[] = { 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 5, 3, 6, 7 };
    int post[] = { 8, 9, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1 };
    int size = sizeof(pre) / sizeof(pre[0]);
 
    node* root = constructTree(pre, post, size);
 
    cout << "Inorder traversal of the constructed tree: \n";
    printInorder(root);
 
    return 0;
}


C




/* program for construction of full binary tree */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
/* A binary tree node has data, pointer to left child
   and a pointer to right child */
struct node
{
    int data;
    struct node *left;
    struct node *right;
};
 
// A utility function to create a node
struct node* newNode (int data)
{
    struct node* temp = (struct node *) malloc( sizeof(struct node) );
 
    temp->data = data;
    temp->left = temp->right = NULL;
 
    return temp;
}
 
// A recursive function to construct Full from pre[] and post[].
// preIndex is used to keep track of index in pre[].
// l is low index and h is high index for the current subarray in post[]
struct node* constructTreeUtil (int pre[], int post[], int* preIndex,
                                int l, int h, int size)
{
    // Base case
    if (*preIndex >= size || l > h)
        return NULL;
 
    // The first node in preorder traversal is root. So take the node at
    // preIndex from preorder and make it root, and increment preIndex
    struct node* root = newNode ( pre[*preIndex] );
    ++*preIndex;
 
    // If the current subarray has only one element, no need to recur
    if (l == h)
        return root;
 
    // Search the next element of pre[] in post[]
    int i;
    for (i = l; i <= h; ++i)
        if (pre[*preIndex] == post[i])
            break;
 
    // Use the index of element found in postorder to divide
    // postorder array in two parts. Left subtree and right subtree
    if (i <= h)
    {
        root->left = constructTreeUtil (pre, post, preIndex,
                                        l, i, size);
        root->right = constructTreeUtil (pre, post, preIndex,
                                         i + 1, h-1, size);
    }
 
    return root;
}
 
// The main function to construct Full Binary Tree from given preorder and
// postorder traversals. This function mainly uses constructTreeUtil()
struct node *constructTree (int pre[], int post[], int size)
{
    int preIndex = 0;
    return constructTreeUtil (pre, post, &preIndex, 0, size - 1, size);
}
 
// A utility function to print inorder traversal of a Binary Tree
void printInorder (struct node* node)
{
    if (node == NULL)
        return;
    printInorder(node->left);
    printf("%d ", node->data);
    printInorder(node->right);
}
 
// Driver program to test above functions
int main ()
{
    int pre[] = {1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 5, 3, 6, 7};
    int post[] = {8, 9, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1};
    int size = sizeof( pre ) / sizeof( pre[0] );
 
    struct node *root = constructTree(pre, post, size);
 
    printf("Inorder traversal of the constructed tree: \n");
    printInorder(root);
 
    return 0;
}


Java




// Java program for construction
// of full binary tree
public class fullbinarytreepostpre
{
    // variable to hold index in pre[] array
    static int preindex;
 
    static class node
    {
        int data;
        node left, right;
 
        public node(int data)
        {
            this.data = data;
        }
    }
 
    // A recursive function to construct Full
    // from pre[] and post[]. preIndex is used
    // to keep track of index in pre[]. l is
    // low index and h is high index for the
    // current subarray in post[]
    static node constructTreeUtil(int pre[], int post[], int l,
                                   int h, int size)
    {
         
        // Base case
        if (preindex >= size || l > h)
            return null;
 
        // The first node in preorder traversal is
        // root. So take the node at preIndex from
        // preorder and make it root, and increment
        // preIndex
        node root = new node(pre[preindex]);
        preindex++;
         
        // If the current subarray has only one
        // element, no need to recur or
        // preIndex > size after incrementing
        if (l == h || preindex >= size)
            return root;
        int i;
         
        // Search the next element of pre[] in post[]
        for (i = l; i <= h; i++)
        {
            if (post[i] == pre[preindex])
                break;
        }
        // Use the index of element found in
        // postorder to divide postorder array
        // in two parts. Left subtree and right subtree
        if (i <= h)
        {
            root.left = constructTreeUtil(pre, post, l, i, size);
            root.right = constructTreeUtil(pre, post, i + 1, h-1, size);
        }
        return root;
    }
 
    // The main function to construct Full
    // Binary Tree from given preorder and
    // postorder traversals. This function
    // mainly uses constructTreeUtil()
    static node constructTree(int pre[], int post[], int size)
    {
        preindex = 0;
        return constructTreeUtil(pre, post, 0, size - 1, size);
    }
 
    static void printInorder(node root)
    {
        if (root == null)
            return;
        printInorder(root.left);
        System.out.print(root.data + " ");
        printInorder(root.right);
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
 
        int pre[] = { 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 5, 3, 6, 7 };
        int post[] = { 8, 9, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1 };
 
        int size = pre.length;
        node root = constructTree(pre, post, size);
 
        System.out.println("Inorder traversal of the constructed tree:");
        printInorder(root);
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Rishabh Mahrsee


Python3




# Python3 program for construction of
# full binary tree
 
# A binary tree node has data, pointer
# to left child and a pointer to right child
class Node:
     
    def __init__(self, data):
         
        self.data = data
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
 
# A recursive function to construct
# Full from pre[] and post[].
# preIndex is used to keep track
# of index in pre[]. l is low index
# and h is high index for the
# current subarray in post[]
def constructTreeUtil(pre: list, post: list,
                        l: int, h: int,
                     size: int) -> Node:
    global preIndex
     
    # Base case
    if (preIndex >= size or l > h):
        return None
 
    # The first node in preorder traversal
    # is root. So take the node at preIndex
    # from preorder and make it root, and
    # increment preIndex
    root = Node(pre[preIndex])
    preIndex += 1
 
    # If the current subarray has only
    # one element, no need to recur
    if (l == h or preIndex >= size):
        return root
 
    # Search the next element
    # of pre[] in post[]
    i = l
    while i <= h:
        if (pre[preIndex] == post[i]):
            break
         
        i += 1
 
    # Use the index of element
    # found in postorder to divide
    # postorder array in two parts.
    # Left subtree and right subtree
    if (i <= h):
        root.left = constructTreeUtil(pre, post,
                                      l, i, size)
        root.right = constructTreeUtil(pre, post,
                                       i + 1, h-1,
                                       size)
 
    return root
 
# The main function to construct
# Full Binary Tree from given
# preorder and postorder traversals.
# This function mainly uses constructTreeUtil()
def constructTree(pre: list,
                 post: list,
                 size: int) -> Node:
                      
    global preIndex
     
    return constructTreeUtil(pre, post, 0,
                             size - 1, size)
 
# A utility function to print
# inorder traversal of a Binary Tree
def printInorder(node: Node) -> None:
 
    if (node is None):
        return
     
    printInorder(node.left)
    print(node.data, end = " ")
     
    printInorder(node.right)
 
# Driver code
if __name__ == "__main__":
     
    pre = [ 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 5, 3, 6, 7 ]
    post = [ 8, 9, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1 ]
    size = len(pre)
 
    preIndex = 0
 
    root = constructTree(pre, post, size)
 
    print("Inorder traversal of "
          "the constructed tree: ")
           
    printInorder(root)
 
# This code is contributed by sanjeev2552


C#




// C# program for construction
// of full binary tree
using System;
 
class GFG
{
// variable to hold index in pre[] array
public static int preindex;
 
public class node
{
    public int data;
    public node left, right;
 
    public node(int data)
    {
        this.data = data;
    }
}
 
// A recursive function to construct Full
// from pre[] and post[]. preIndex is used
// to keep track of index in pre[]. l is
// low index and h is high index for the
// current subarray in post[]
public static node constructTreeUtil(int[] pre, int[] post,
                                     int l, int h, int size)
{
 
    // Base case
    if (preindex >= size || l > h)
    {
        return null;
    }
 
    // The first node in preorder traversal is
    // root. So take the node at preIndex from
    // preorder and make it root, and increment
    // preIndex
    node root = new node(pre[preindex]);
    preindex++;
 
    // If the current subarray has only one
    // element, no need to recur or
    // preIndex > size after incrementing
    if (l == h || preindex >= size)
    {
        return root;
    }
    int i;
 
    // Search the next element
    // of pre[] in post[]
    for (i = l; i <= h; i++)
    {
        if (post[i] == pre[preindex])
        {
            break;
        }
    }
     
    // Use the index of element found
    // in postorder to divide postorder
    // array in two parts. Left subtree
    // and right subtree
    if (i <= h)
    {
        root.left = constructTreeUtil(pre, post,
                                      l, i, size);
        root.right = constructTreeUtil(pre, post,
                                       i + 1, h-1, size);
    }
    return root;
}
 
// The main function to construct Full
// Binary Tree from given preorder and
// postorder traversals. This function
// mainly uses constructTreeUtil()
public static node constructTree(int[] pre,
                                 int[] post, int size)
{
    preindex = 0;
    return constructTreeUtil(pre, post, 0, size - 1, size);
}
 
public static void printInorder(node root)
{
    if (root == null)
    {
        return;
    }
    printInorder(root.left);
    Console.Write(root.data + " ");
    printInorder(root.right);
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
    int[] pre = new int[] {1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 5, 3, 6, 7};
    int[] post = new int[] {8, 9, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1};
 
    int size = pre.Length;
    node root = constructTree(pre, post, size);
 
    Console.WriteLine("Inorder traversal of " +
                      "the constructed tree:");
    printInorder(root);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by Shrikant13


Javascript




<script>
  
// Javascript program for construction
// of full binary tree
 
// variable to hold index in pre[] array
var preindex = 0;
 
class node
{
    constructor(data)
    {
        this.data = data;
    }
}
 
// A recursive function to construct Full
// from pre[] and post[]. preIndex is used
// to keep track of index in pre[]. l is
// low index and h is high index for the
// current subarray in post[]
function constructTreeUtil(pre, post, l, h, size)
{
 
    // Base case
    if (preindex >= size || l > h)
    {
        return null;
    }
 
    // The first node in preorder traversal is
    // root. So take the node at preIndex from
    // preorder and make it root, and increment
    // preIndex
    var root = new node(pre[preindex]);
    preindex++;
 
    // If the current subarray has only one
    // element, no need to recur or
    // preIndex > size after incrementing
    if (l == h || preindex >= size)
    {
        return root;
    }
    var i;
 
    // Search the next element
    // of pre[] in post[]
    for (i = l; i <= h; i++)
    {
        if (post[i] == pre[preindex])
        {
            break;
        }
    }
     
    // Use the index of element found
    // in postorder to divide postorder
    // array in two parts. Left subtree
    // and right subtree
    if (i <= h)
    {
        root.left = constructTreeUtil(pre, post,
                                      l, i, size);
        root.right = constructTreeUtil(pre, post,
                                       i + 1, h-1, size);
    }
    return root;
}
 
// The main function to construct Full
// Binary Tree from given preorder and
// postorder traversals. This function
// mainly uses constructTreeUtil()
function constructTree(pre, post, size)
{
    preindex = 0;
    return constructTreeUtil(pre, post, 0, size - 1, size);
}
 
function printInorder(root)
{
    if (root == null)
    {
        return;
    }
    printInorder(root.left);
    document.write(root.data + " ");
    printInorder(root.right);
}
 
// Driver Code
var pre = [1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 5, 3, 6, 7];
var post = [8, 9, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1];
var size = pre.length;
var root = constructTree(pre, post, size);
document.write("Inorder traversal of " +
                  "the constructed tree:<br>");
printInorder(root);
 
 
</script>


Output

Inorder traversal of the constructed tree: 
8 4 9 2 5 1 6 3 7 

Time Complexity: O(h), Space Auxiliary Space :O(h)

// h is the height of the tree.



Last Updated : 21 Jul, 2022
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