Find pairs of elements from two different arrays whose product is a perfect square

Prerequisites: Prime Factorization using Sieve

Given two arrays arr1[] and arr2[] of size M and N with distinct elements in each of the arrays, the task is to find those pair of elements (one from the first array and other from the second array) whose product is a perfect square. Print -1 if no pairs can be formed.

Examples:

Input: arr1[] = {1, 8, 6, 9}, arr2[] = {2, 24, 49}
Output: (1, 49), (8, 2), (6, 24), (9, 49)
Explanation:
The product of pairs in the output are all perfect squares.
Pair 1: 1 x 49 = 49
Pair 2: 8 x 2 = 16
Pair 3: 6 x 24 = 144
Pair 4: 9 x 49 = 441

Input: arr1[] = {2, 3, 4}, arr2[] = {9, 5}
Output: -1

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

Naive Approach: Naive approach is to choose all the possible pairs and check if they form a perfect square. This can be done in quadratic time.
Time Complexity: O(M*N)

Efficient Approach: The idea is to use the concept of prime factorization. Let’s analyse how to use the concept in this problem.
The following are the scenarios where the product of two numbers form a perfect square:

If both the numbers are perfect squares their product always form a perfect square.
If one of the numbers is not a perfect square their product can never be a perfect square.
In case both the numbers are non-perfect squares, then the number of prime factors of both the numbers combined have to be even.
For example,

let x = 6, y = 1176
prime factorization of x = 2 x 3 (2 and 3 occurs odd times)
prime factorization of y = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 7 x 7 (2 and 3 occurs odd times)
x * y = 7056 which is square of 84

Since x and y have all odd times occurring primes, but x * y has even number of prime factors. Therefore, they will form a perfect square.

Therefore, the array arr1[] is traversed and for each element in arr1[], the numbers in array arr2[] which have same product of odd times occurring primes as of current element. This can be done using map STL in C++ in logn time.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ program to print pairs whose 
// product is a perfect square 
#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
// Maximum number upto which sieve is performed 
#define MAXN 100001 
  
// Array to perform Sieve of Eratosthenes 
// and store prime numbers 
int spf[MAXN]; 
  
// Function to perform sieve of 
// eratosthenes on the array spf. 
void sieve() 
{ 
    spf[1] = 1; 
    for (int i = 2; i < MAXN; i++) 
        spf[i] = i; 
  
    for (int i = 4; i < MAXN; i += 2) 
        spf[i] = 2; 
  
    for (int i = 3; i * i < MAXN; i++) { 
        if (spf[i] == i) { 
            for (int j = i * i; j < MAXN; j += i) 
  
                if (spf[j] == j) 
                    spf[j] = i; 
        } 
    } 
} 
  
// Function to return the product of the 
// odd occurring prime factors of a number 
int getProductOddOccuringPrimes(int x) 
{ 
    // Product of 1 with perfect square gives 
    // perfect square, 1 is returned for x = 1 
    if (x == 1) 
        return 1; 
  
    // Temperory container of prime factors 
    vector<int> ret; 
    while (x != 1) { 
        ret.push_back(spf[x]); 
        x = x / spf[x]; 
    } 
  
    // ans contains the product of primes 
    // which occurs odd number of times 
    int count = 1, ans = 1; 
    for (int i = 0, j = 1; j < ret.size(); ++j, ++i) { 
        if (ret[i] != ret[j]) { 
            if (count & 1) 
                ans *= ret[i]; 
            count = 0; 
        } 
        count++; 
    } 
  
    // Checks if count is odd or not 
    if (count & 1) 
        ans *= ret[ret.size() - 1]; 
  
    return ans; 
} 
  
// Function to print the pairs whose product is 
// a perfect square 
void printPairs(int n, int m, int a[], int b[]) 
{ 
    int countPairs = 0; 
  
    // For storing the indicies with same 
    // product of odd times occuring Primes as key 
    map<int, vector<int> > productOfPrimes; 
  
    // Every number from both the array is iterated 
    // getProductOddOccuringPrimes function is called 
    // and the product of odd occurring primes is 
    // stored in the map productOfPrimes. 
    // A pair is printed if the product is same 
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { 
  
        // Generating the product of odd times 
        // occurring primes 
        int productPrimesOfA 
            = getProductOddOccuringPrimes(a[i]); 
  
        // Pushing the indices to the to the 
        // vector with the product of 
        // odd times occurring Primes 
        productOfPrimes[productPrimesOfA].push_back(i); 
    } 
  
    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) { 
        // Generating the product of odd times 
        // occurring Primes 
        int productPrimesOfB 
            = getProductOddOccuringPrimes(b[i]); 
  
        // Checking if productPrimesOfB 
        // lies in the productOfPrimes 
        if (productOfPrimes.find(productPrimesOfB) 
            != productOfPrimes.end()) { 
            for (auto itr : productOfPrimes[productPrimesOfB]) { 
                countPairs++; 
                cout << " (" << b[i] << ", "
                     << a[itr] << ") "; 
            } 
        } 
    } 
    if (countPairs <= 0) 
        cout << "No pairs Found!"; 
    cout << endl; 
} 
// Driver function 
int main() 
{ 
    sieve(); 
  
    // N, M are size of array a and b respectively 
    int N = 5, M = 5; 
    int a[] = { 4, 1, 6, 35, 120 }; 
    int b[] = { 24, 140, 4, 30, 1 }; 
  
    // Function that prints the pairs 
    // whose product is a perfect square 
    printPairs(N, M, a, b); 
    return 0; 
} 

Java

// Java program to print pairs whose 
// product is a perfect square 
import java.util.*; 
  
class GFG{ 
  
// Maximum number upto which sieve is performed 
static final int MAXN = 100001; 
  
// Array to perform Sieve of Eratosthenes 
// and store prime numbers 
static int []spf = new int[MAXN]; 
  
// Function to perform sieve of 
// eratosthenes on the array spf. 
static void sieve() 
{ 
    spf[1] = 1; 
    for (int i = 2; i < MAXN; i++) 
        spf[i] = i; 
  
    for (int i = 4; i < MAXN; i += 2) 
        spf[i] = 2; 
  
    for (int i = 3; i * i < MAXN; i++) { 
        if (spf[i] == i) { 
            for (int j = i * i; j < MAXN; j += i) 
  
                if (spf[j] == j) 
                    spf[j] = i; 
        } 
    } 
} 
  
// Function to return the product of the 
// odd occurring prime factors of a number 
static int getProductOddOccuringPrimes(int x) 
{ 
    // Product of 1 with perfect square gives 
    // perfect square, 1 is returned for x = 1 
    if (x == 1) 
        return 1; 
  
    // Temperory container of prime factors 
    Vector<Integer> ret = new Vector<Integer>(); 
    while (x != 1) { 
        ret.add(spf[x]); 
        x = x / spf[x]; 
    } 
  
    // ans contains the product of primes 
    // which occurs odd number of times 
    int count = 1, ans = 1; 
    for (int i = 0, j = 1; j < ret.size(); ++j, ++i) { 
        if (ret.get(i) != ret.get(j)) { 
            if (count % 2 == 1) 
                ans *= ret.get(i); 
            count = 0; 
        } 
        count++; 
    } 
  
    // Checks if count is odd or not 
    if (count %2 == 1) 
        ans *= ret.get(ret.size() - 1); 
  
    return ans; 
} 
  
// Function to print the pairs whose product is 
// a perfect square 
static void printPairs(int n, int m, int a[], int b[]) 
{ 
    int countPairs = 0; 
  
    // For storing the indicies with same 
    // product of odd times occuring Primes as key 
    Map<Integer, Vector<Integer>> productOfPrimes = 
            new HashMap<Integer, Vector<Integer>>(); 
  
    // Every number from both the array is iterated 
    // getProductOddOccuringPrimes function is called 
    // and the product of odd occurring primes is 
    // stored in the map productOfPrimes. 
    // A pair is printed if the product is same 
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { 
  
        // Generating the product of odd times 
        // occurring primes 
        int productPrimesOfA 
            = getProductOddOccuringPrimes(a[i]); 
  
        // Pushing the indices to the to the 
        // vector with the product of 
        // odd times occurring Primes 
        Vector<Integer> temp = new Vector<Integer>(); 
        if(productOfPrimes.containsKey(productPrimesOfA)) 
        for (Integer s:productOfPrimes.get(productPrimesOfA)){ 
            temp.add(s); 
        } 
        temp.add(i); 
        productOfPrimes.put(productPrimesOfA, temp); 
    } 
  
    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) 
    { 
          
        // Generating the product of odd times 
        // occurring Primes 
        int productPrimesOfB 
            = getProductOddOccuringPrimes(b[i]); 
  
        // Checking if productPrimesOfB 
        // lies in the productOfPrimes 
        if (productOfPrimes.containsKey(productPrimesOfB)) { 
            for (Integer itr : productOfPrimes.get(productPrimesOfB)) { 
                countPairs++; 
                System.out.print(" (" + b[i]+ ", "
                    + a[itr]+ ") "); 
            } 
        } 
    } 
    if (countPairs <= 0) 
        System.out.print("No pairs Found!"); 
    System.out.println(); 
} 
  
// Driver function 
public static void main(String[] args) 
{ 
    sieve(); 
  
    // N, M are size of array a and b respectively 
    int N = 5, M = 5; 
    int a[] = { 4, 1, 6, 35, 120 }; 
    int b[] = { 24, 140, 4, 30, 1 }; 
  
    // Function that prints the pairs 
    // whose product is a perfect square 
    printPairs(N, M, a, b); 
} 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar 

C#

// C# program to print pairs whose 
// product is a perfect square 
using System; 
using System.Collections.Generic; 
  
class GFG{ 
   
// Maximum number upto which sieve is performed 
static readonly int MAXN = 100001; 
   
// Array to perform Sieve of Eratosthenes 
// and store prime numbers 
static int []spf = new int[MAXN]; 
   
// Function to perform sieve of 
// eratosthenes on the array spf. 
static void sieve() 
{ 
    spf[1] = 1; 
    for (int i = 2; i < MAXN; i++) 
        spf[i] = i; 
   
    for (int i = 4; i < MAXN; i += 2) 
        spf[i] = 2; 
   
    for (int i = 3; i * i < MAXN; i++) { 
        if (spf[i] == i) { 
            for (int j = i * i; j < MAXN; j += i) 
   
                if (spf[j] == j) 
                    spf[j] = i; 
        } 
    } 
} 
   
// Function to return the product of the 
// odd occurring prime factors of a number 
static int getProductOddOccuringPrimes(int x) 
{ 
    // Product of 1 with perfect square gives 
    // perfect square, 1 is returned for x = 1 
    if (x == 1) 
        return 1; 
   
    // Temperory container of prime factors 
    List<int> ret = new List<int>(); 
    while (x != 1) { 
        ret.Add(spf[x]); 
        x = x / spf[x]; 
    } 
   
    // ans contains the product of primes 
    // which occurs odd number of times 
    int count = 1, ans = 1; 
    for (int i = 0, j = 1; j < ret.Count; ++j, ++i) { 
        if (ret[i] != ret[j]) { 
            if (count % 2 == 1) 
                ans *= ret[i]; 
            count = 0; 
        } 
        count++; 
    } 
   
    // Checks if count is odd or not 
    if (count %2 == 1) 
        ans *= ret[ret.Count - 1]; 
   
    return ans; 
} 
   
// Function to print the pairs whose product is 
// a perfect square 
static void printPairs(int n, int m, int []a, int []b) 
{ 
    int countPairs = 0; 
   
    // For storing the indicies with same 
    // product of odd times occuring Primes as key 
    Dictionary<int, List<int>> productOfPrimes = 
            new Dictionary<int, List<int>>(); 
   
    // Every number from both the array is iterated 
    // getProductOddOccuringPrimes function is called 
    // and the product of odd occurring primes is 
    // stored in the map productOfPrimes. 
    // A pair is printed if the product is same 
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { 
   
        // Generating the product of odd times 
        // occurring primes 
        int productPrimesOfA 
            = getProductOddOccuringPrimes(a[i]); 
   
        // Pushing the indices to the to the 
        // vector with the product of 
        // odd times occurring Primes 
        List<int> temp = new List<int>(); 
        if(productOfPrimes.ContainsKey(productPrimesOfA)) 
        foreach (int s in productOfPrimes[productPrimesOfA]){ 
            temp.Add(s); 
        } 
        temp.Add(i); 
        if(productOfPrimes.ContainsKey(productPrimesOfA)) 
            productOfPrimes[productPrimesOfA] = temp; 
        else
            productOfPrimes.Add(productPrimesOfA, temp); 
    } 
   
    for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) 
    { 
           
        // Generating the product of odd times 
        // occurring Primes 
        int productPrimesOfB 
            = getProductOddOccuringPrimes(b[i]); 
   
        // Checking if productPrimesOfB 
        // lies in the productOfPrimes 
        if (productOfPrimes.ContainsKey(productPrimesOfB)) { 
            foreach (int itr in productOfPrimes[productPrimesOfB]) { 
                countPairs++; 
                Console.Write(" (" + b[i]+ ", "
                    + a[itr]+ ") "); 
            } 
        } 
    } 
    if (countPairs <= 0) 
        Console.Write("No pairs Found!"); 
    Console.WriteLine(); 
} 
   
// Driver function 
public static void Main(String[] args) 
{ 
    sieve(); 
   
    // N, M are size of array a and b respectively 
    int N = 5, M = 5; 
    int []a = { 4, 1, 6, 35, 120 }; 
    int []b = { 24, 140, 4, 30, 1 }; 
   
    // Function that prints the pairs 
    // whose product is a perfect square 
    printPairs(N, M, a, b); 
} 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar 

Output:

(24, 6)  (140, 35)  (4, 4)  (4, 1)  (30, 120)  (1, 4)  (1, 1)

Time Complexity: O(Klog(K)) where K = max(N,M)

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My Personal Notes

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

C++

Java

C#

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