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Find number of pairs in an array such that their XOR is 0

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Given an array A[ ]              of size N. Find the number of pairs (i, j) such that A_i              XOR A_j              = 0, and 1 <= i < j <= N.

Examples : 

Input : A[] = {1, 3, 4, 1, 4}
Output : 2
Explanation : Index (0, 3) and (2, 4)

Input : A[] = {2, 2, 2}
Output : 3
Recommended Practice

First Approach : Sorting
A_i              XOR A_j              = 0 is only satisfied when A_i = A_j              . Therefore, we will first sort the array and then count the frequency of each element. By combinatorics, we can observe that if frequency of some element is count              then, it will contribute count*(count-1)/2              to the answer. 
Below is the implementation of above approach:

C++

// C++ program to find number of pairs in an array such that
// their XOR is 0
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Function to calculate the count
int calculate(int a[], int n)
{
  // Sorting the list using built in function
  sort(a, a + n);
  int count = 1;
  int answer = 0;
 
  // Traversing through the elements
  for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
    if (a[i] == a[i - 1])
      // Counting frequency of each elements
      count += 1;
    else {
      // Adding the contribution of the frequency to
      // the answer
      answer = answer + (count * (count - 1)) / 2;
      count = 1;
    }
  }
  answer = answer + (count * (count - 1)) / 2;
  return answer;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
  int a[] = { 1, 2, 1, 2, 4 };
  int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);
  cout << calculate(a, n);
  return 0;
}
 
// This code is contributed by Aditya Kumar (adityakumar129)

                    

C

// C program to find number of pairs in an array such that
// their XOR is 0
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int cmpfunc(const void* a, const void* b)
{
    return (*(int*)a - *(int*)b);
}
 
// Function to calculate the count
int calculate(int a[], int n)
{
    // Sorting the list using built in function
    qsort(a, n, sizeof(int), cmpfunc);
    int count = 1;
    int answer = 0;
 
    // Traversing through the elements
    for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
        if (a[i] == a[i - 1])
            // Counting frequency of each elements
            count += 1;
        else {
            // Adding the contribution of the frequency to
            // the answer
            answer = answer + (count * (count - 1)) / 2;
            count = 1;
        }
    }
    answer = answer + (count * (count - 1)) / 2;
    return answer;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int a[] = { 1, 2, 1, 2, 4 };
    int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);
    printf("%d", calculate(a, n));
    return 0;
}
 
// This code is contributed by Aditya Kumar (adityakumar129)

                    

Java

// Java program to find number of pairs in an array suchthat
// their XOR is 0
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG {
    // Function to calculate the count
    static int calculate(int a[], int n)
    {
        // Sorting the list using built in function
        Arrays.sort(a);
        int count = 1;
        int answer = 0;
 
        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
            // Counting frequency of each elements
            if (a[i] == a[i - 1])
                count += 1;
            else {
                // Adding the contribution of the frequency
                // to the answer
                answer = answer + (count * (count - 1)) / 2;
                count = 1;
            }
        }
        answer = answer + (count * (count - 1)) / 2;
        return answer;
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int a[] = { 1, 2, 1, 2, 4 };
        int n = a.length;
        System.out.println(calculate(a, n));
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Aditya Kumar (adityakumar129)

                    

Python3

# Python3 program to find number of pairs
# in an array such that their XOR is 0
 
# Function to calculate the count
def calculate(a) :
 
    # Sorting the list using
    # built in function
    a.sort()
     
    count = 1
    answer = 0
     
    # Traversing through the elements
    for i in range(1, len(a)) :
 
        if a[i] == a[i - 1] :
             
            # Counting frequency of each elements
            count += 1
 
        else :
 
            # Adding the contribution of
            # the frequency to the answer
            answer = answer + count * (count - 1) // 2
            count = 1
 
    answer = answer + count * (count - 1) // 2
     
    return answer
 
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
     
    a = [1, 2, 1, 2, 4]
 
    # Print the count
    print(calculate(a))

                    

C#

// C# program to find number
// of pairs in an array such
// that their XOR is 0
using System;
 
class GFG
{
    // Function to calculate
    // the count
    static int calculate(int []a, int n)
    {
        // Sorting the list using
        // built in function
        Array.Sort(a);
     
        int count = 1;
        int answer = 0;
     
        // Traversing through the
        // elements
        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
        {
         
            if (a[i] == a[i - 1])
            {
                // Counting frequency of each
                // elements
                count += 1;
                 
            }
            else
            {
                // Adding the contribution of
                // the frequency to the answer
                answer = answer + (count * (count - 1)) / 2;
                count = 1;
            }
        }
     
        answer = answer + (count * (count - 1)) / 2;
     
        return answer;
    }
     
    // Driver Code
    public static void Main ()
    {
        int []a = { 1, 2, 1, 2, 4 };
        int n = a.Length;
     
        // Print the count
        Console.WriteLine(calculate(a, n));
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by vt_m.

                    

PHP

<?php
// PHP program to find number
// of pairs in an array such
// that their XOR is 0
 
// Function to calculate
// the count
function calculate($a, $n)
{
     
    // Sorting the list using
    // built in function
    sort($a);
 
    $count = 1;
    $answer = 0;
 
    // Traversing through the
    // elements
    for ($i = 1; $i < $n; $i++)
    {
     
        if ($a[$i] == $a[$i - 1])
        {
 
            // Counting frequency of
            // each elements
            $count += 1;
             
        }
         
        else
        {
             
            // Adding the contribution of
            // the frequency to the answer
            $answer = $answer + ($count *
                       ($count - 1)) / 2;
            $count = 1;
        }
    }
 
    $answer = $answer + ($count *
               ($count - 1)) / 2;
 
    return $answer;
}
 
    // Driver Code
    $a = array(1, 2, 1, 2, 4);
    $n = count($a);
 
    // Print the count
    echo calculate($a, $n);
 
// This code is contributed by anuj_67.
?>

                    

Javascript

<script>
 
// JavaScript program to find number
// of pairs in an array such
// that their XOR is 0
 
// Function to calculate the
// count
function calculate(a, n)
{
    // Sorting the list using
    // built in function
    a.sort();
 
    let count = 1;
    let answer = 0;
 
    // Traversing through the
    // elements
    for (let i = 1; i < n; i++) {
     
        if (a[i] == a[i - 1]){
 
            // Counting frequency of each
            // elements
            count += 1;
             
        }
        else
        {
            // Adding the contribution of
            // the frequency to the answer
            answer = answer + Math.floor((count * (count - 1)) / 2);
            count = 1;
        }
    }
 
    answer = answer + Math.floor((count * (count - 1)) / 2);
 
    return answer;
}
 
// Driver Code
 
    let a = [ 1, 2, 1, 2, 4 ];
    let n = a.length;
 
    // Print the count
    document.write(calculate(a, n));
 
// This code is contributed by Surbhi Tyagi.
 
</script>

                    

Output
2

Time Complexity : O(N Log N) 
Auxiliary Space: O(1), as no extra space is used

Second Approach: Hashing (Index Mapping)

Solution is handy, if we can count the frequency of each element in the array. Index mapping technique can be used to count the frequency of each element.

Below is the implementation of above approach : 

C++

// C++ program to find number of pairs
// in an array such that their XOR is 0
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Function to calculate the answer
int calculate(int a[], int n){
     
    // Finding the maximum of the array
    int *maximum = max_element(a, a + n);
 
    // Creating frequency array
    // With initial value 0
    int frequency[*maximum + 1] = {0};
     
    // Traversing through the array
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        // Counting frequency
        frequency[a[i]] += 1;
    }
    int answer = 0;
     
    // Traversing through the frequency array
    for(int i = 0; i < (*maximum)+1; i++)
    {
        // Calculating answer
        answer = answer + frequency[i] * (frequency[i] - 1) ;
    }
    return answer/2;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
   int a[] = {1, 2, 1, 2, 4};
   int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);
    
   // Function calling
   cout << (calculate(a,n));
}
 
// This code is contributed by Smitha

                    

Java

// Java program to find number of pairs
// in an array such that their XOR is 0
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG
{
 
    // Function to calculate the answer
    static int calculate(int a[], int n)
    {
 
        // Finding the maximum of the array
        int maximum = Arrays.stream(a).max().getAsInt();
 
        // Creating frequency array
        // With initial value 0
        int frequency[] = new int[maximum + 1];
 
        // Traversing through the array
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
             
            // Counting frequency
            frequency[a[i]] += 1;
        }
        int answer = 0;
 
        // Traversing through the frequency array
        for (int i = 0; i < (maximum) + 1; i++)
        {
             
            // Calculating answer
            answer = answer + frequency[i] * (frequency[i] - 1);
        }
        return answer / 2;
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int a[] = {1, 2, 1, 2, 4};
        int n = a.length;
 
        // Function calling
        System.out.println(calculate(a, n));
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar

                    

Python 3

# Python3 program to find number of pairs
# in an array such that their XOR is 0
 
# Function to calculate the answer
def calculate(a) :
     
    # Finding the maximum of the array
    maximum = max(a)
     
    # Creating frequency array
    # With initial value 0
    frequency = [0 for x in range(maximum + 1)]
     
    # Traversing through the array
    for i in a :
          
        # Counting frequency
        frequency[i] += 1
     
    answer = 0
     
    # Traversing through the frequency array
    for i in frequency :
         
        # Calculating answer
        answer = answer + i * (i - 1) // 2
     
    return answer
 
# Driver Code
a = [1, 2, 1, 2, 4]
print(calculate(a))

                    

C#

// C# program to find number of pairs
// in an array such that their XOR is 0
using System;
using System.Linq;
class GFG
{
 
    // Function to calculate the answer
    static int calculate(int []a, int n)
    {
 
        // Finding the maximum of the array
        int maximum = a.Max();
 
        // Creating frequency array
        // With initial value 0
        int []frequency = new int[maximum + 1];
 
        // Traversing through the array
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
             
            // Counting frequency
            frequency[a[i]] += 1;
        }
        int answer = 0;
 
        // Traversing through the frequency array
        for (int i = 0; i < (maximum) + 1; i++)
        {
             
            // Calculating answer
            answer = answer + frequency[i] *
                             (frequency[i] - 1);
        }
        return answer / 2;
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        int []a = {1, 2, 1, 2, 4};
        int n = a.Length;
 
        // Function calling
        Console.WriteLine(calculate(a, n));
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by PrinciRaj1992

                    

PHP

<?php
// PHP program to find number
// of pairs in an array such
// that their XOR is 0
 
// Function to calculate the answer
function calculate($a, $n)
{
     
    // Finding the maximum of the array
    $maximum = max($a);
     
    // Creating frequency array
    // With initial value 0
    $frequency = array_fill(0, $maximum + 1, 0);
     
    // Traversing through the array
    for($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++)
    {
        // Counting frequency
        $frequency[$a[$i]] += 1;
    }
    $answer = 0;
     
    // Traversing through
    // the frequency array
    for($i = 0; $i < ($maximum) + 1; $i++)
    {
        // Calculating answer
        $answer = $answer + $frequency[$i] *
                        ($frequency[$i] - 1);
    }
    return $answer / 2;
}
 
// Driver Code
$a = array(1, 2, 1, 2, 4);
$n = count($a);
// Function calling
echo (calculate($a,$n));
 
// This code is contributed by Smitha
?>

                    

Javascript

<script>
// Javascript program to find number of pairs
// in an array such that their XOR is 0
 
// Function to calculate the answer
function calculate(a, n){
     
    // Finding the maximum of the array
    let maximum = Math.max(...a);
 
    // Creating frequency array
    // With initial value 0
    let frequency = new Array(maximum + 1).fill(0);
     
    // Traversing through the array
    for(let i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        // Counting frequency
        frequency[a[i]] += 1;
    }
    let answer = 0;
     
    // Traversing through the frequency array
    for(let i = 0; i < maximum+1; i++)
    {
        // Calculating answer
        answer = answer + frequency[i] * (frequency[i] - 1) ;
    }
    return parseInt(answer/2);
}
 
// Driver Code
   let a = [1, 2, 1, 2, 4];
   let n = a.length;
    
   // Function calling
   document.write(calculate(a,n));
 
</script>

                    

Output
2

Time Complexity: O(N)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)

Note : Index Mapping method can only be used when the numbers in the array are not large. In such cases, sorting method can be used. 



Last Updated : 01 Aug, 2022
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