Find Maximum number possible by doing at-most K swaps

Given a positive integer, find the maximum integer possible by doing at-most K swap operations on its digits.
Examples:

Input: M = 254, K = 1
Output: 524
Swap 5 with 2 so number becomes 524

Input: M = 254, K = 2
Output: 542
Swap 5 with 2 so number becomes 524
Swap 4 with 2 so number becomes 542

Input: M = 68543, K = 1 
Output: 86543
Swap 8 with 6 so number becomes 86543

Input: M = 7599, K = 2
Output: 9975
Swap 9 with 5 so number becomes 7995
Swap 9 with 7 so number becomes 9975

Input: M = 76543, K = 1 
Output: 76543
Explanation: No swap is required.

Input: M = 129814999, K = 4
Output: 999984211
Swap 9 with 1 so number becomes 929814991
Swap 9 with 2 so number becomes 999814291
Swap 9 with 8 so number becomes 999914281
Swap 1 with 8 so number becomes 999984211

Naive Solution:
Approach: The idea is to consider every digit and swap it with digits following it one at a time and see if it leads to the maximum number. The process is repeated K times. The code can be further optimized, if the current digit is swapped with a digit less than the following digit.
Algorithm: 

1. Create a global variable which will store the maximum string or number.
2. Define a recursive function that takes the string as number and value of k
3. Run a nested loop, the outer loop from 0 to length of string -1 and inner loop from i+1 to end of the string.
4. Swap the ith and jth character and check if the string is now maximum and update the maximum string.
5. Call the function recursively with parameters: string and k-1.
6. Now again swap back the ith and jth character.

C++

// C++ program to find maximum
// integer possible by doing
// at-most K swap operations
// on its digits.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Function to find maximum
// integer possible by
// doing at-most K swap
// operations on its digits
void findMaximumNum(
    string str, int k, string& max)
{
    // Return if no swaps left
    if (k == 0)
        return;

    int n = str.length();

    // Consider every digit
    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {

        // Compare it with all digits after it
        for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
            // if digit at position i
            // is less than digit
            // at position j, swap it
            // and check for maximum
            // number so far and recurse
            // for remaining swaps
            if (str[i] < str[j]) {
                // swap str[i] with str[j]
                swap(str[i], str[j]);

                // If current num is more
                // than maximum so far
                if (str.compare(max) > 0)
                    max = str;

                // recurse of the other k - 1 swaps
                findMaximumNum(str, k - 1, max);

                // Backtrack
                swap(str[i], str[j]);
            }
        }
    }
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
    string str = "129814999";

    int k = 4;

    string max = str;
    findMaximumNum(str, k, max);

    cout << max << endl;

    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find maximum
// integer possible by doing
// at-most K swap operations
// on its digits.
import java.util.*;
class GFG{

static String max;
// Function to find maximum
// integer possible by
// doing at-most K swap
// operations on its digits
static void findMaximumNum(char[] str,
                           int k)
{
  // Return if no swaps left
  if (k == 0)
    return;

  int n = str.length;

  // Consider every digit
  for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
  {
    // Compare it with all digits
    // after it
    for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
    {
      // if digit at position i
      // is less than digit
      // at position j, swap it
      // and check for maximum
      // number so far and recurse
      // for remaining swaps
      if (str[i] < str[j])
      {
        // swap str[i] with
        // str[j]
        char t = str[i];
        str[i] = str[j];
        str[j] = t;

        // If current num is more
        // than maximum so far
        if (String.valueOf(str).compareTo(max) > 0)
          max = String.valueOf(str);

        // recurse of the other
        // k - 1 swaps
        findMaximumNum(str, k - 1);

        // Backtrack
        char c = str[i];
        str[i] = str[j];
        str[j] = c;
      }
    }
  }
}

// Driver code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
  String str = "129814999";
  int k = 4;
  max = str;
  findMaximumNum(str.toCharArray(), k);
  System.out.print(max + "\n");
}
}

// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar

Python3

# Python3 program to find maximum
# integer possible by doing at-most
# K swap operations on its digits.

# utility function to swap two
# characters of a string
def swap(string, i, j):

    return (string[:i] + string[j] +
            string[i + 1:j] +
            string[i] + string[j + 1:])

# function to find maximum integer
# possible by doing at-most K swap
# operations on its digits
def findMaximumNum(string, k, maxm):

    # return if no swaps left
    if k == 0:
        return

    n = len(string)

    # consider every digit
    for i in range(n - 1):

        # and compare it with all digits after it
        for j in range(i + 1, n):

            # if digit at position i is less than
            # digit at position j, swap it and
            # check for maximum number so far and
            # recurse for remaining swaps
            if string[i] < string[j]:

                # swap string[i] with string[j]
                string = swap(string, i, j)

                # If current num is more than
                # maximum so far
                if string > maxm[0]:
                    maxm[0] = string

                # recurse of the other k - 1 swaps
                findMaximumNum(string, k - 1, maxm)

                # backtrack
                string = swap(string, i, j)

# Driver Code
if __name__ == "__main__":
    string = "129814999"
    k = 4
    maxm = [string]
    findMaximumNum(string, k, maxm)
    print(maxm[0])

# This code is contributed
# by vibhu4agarwal

C#

// C# program to find maximum
// integer possible by doing
// at-most K swap operations
// on its digits.
using System;
class GFG{

static String max;
// Function to find maximum
// integer possible by
// doing at-most K swap
// operations on its digits
static void findMaximumNum(char[] str,
                           int k)
{
  // Return if no swaps left
  if (k == 0)
    return;

  int n = str.Length;

  // Consider every digit
  for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
  {
    // Compare it with all digits
    // after it
    for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
    {
      // if digit at position i
      // is less than digit
      // at position j, swap it
      // and check for maximum
      // number so far and recurse
      // for remaining swaps
      if (str[i] < str[j])
      {
        // swap str[i] with
        // str[j]
        char t = str[i];
        str[i] = str[j];
        str[j] = t;

        // If current num is more
        // than maximum so far
        if (String.Join("", str).CompareTo(max) > 0)
          max = String.Join("", str);

        // recurse of the other
        // k - 1 swaps
        findMaximumNum(str, k - 1);

        // Backtrack
        char c = str[i];
        str[i] = str[j];
        str[j] = c;
      }
    }
  }
}

// Driver code
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
  String str = "129814999";
  int k = 4;
  max = str;
  findMaximumNum(str.ToCharArray(), k);
  Console.Write(max + "\n");
}
}

// This code is contributed by gauravrajput1

Javascript

<script>
// Javascript program to find maximum
// integer possible by doing
// at-most K swap operations
// on its digits.

let max;

// Function to find maximum
// integer possible by
// doing at-most K swap
// operations on its digits
function findMaximumNum(str,k)
{

    // Return if no swaps left
  if (k == 0)
    return;

  let n = str.length;

  // Consider every digit
  for (let i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
  {

    // Compare it with all digits
    // after it
    for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
    {
      // if digit at position i
      // is less than digit
      // at position j, swap it
      // and check for maximum
      // number so far and recurse
      // for remaining swaps
      if (str[i] < str[j])
      {

        // swap str[i] with
        // str[j]
        let t = str[i];
        str[i] = str[j];
        str[j] = t;

        // If current num is more
        // than maximum so far
        if ((str).join("")>(max) )
          max = (str).join("");

        // recurse of the other
        // k - 1 swaps
        findMaximumNum(str, k - 1);

        // Backtrack
        let c = str[i];
        str[i] = str[j];
        str[j] = c;
      }
    }
  }
}

// Driver code
let str = "129814999";
let k = 4;
max = str;
findMaximumNum(str.split(""), k);
document.write(max + "<br>");

// This code is contributed by unknown2108
</script>

Output:

999984211

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O((n^2)^k). 
  For every recursive call n^2 recursive calls is generated until the value of k is 0. So total recursive calls are O((n^2)^k).
• Space Complexity:O(n). 
  This is the space required to store the output string.

Efficient Solution:
Approach: The above approach traverses the whole string at each recursive call which is highly inefficient and unnecessary. Also, pre-computing the maximum digit after the current at a recursive call avoids unnecessary exchanges with each digit. It can be observed that to make the maximum string, the maximum digit is shifted to the front. So, instead of trying all pairs, try only those pairs where one of the elements is the maximum digit which is not yet swapped to the front. 
There is an improvement by 27580 microseconds for each test case.
Algorithm:

1. Create a global variable which will store the maximum string or number.
2. Define a recursive function that takes the string as a number, the value of k, and the current index.
3. Find the index of the maximum element in the range current index to end.
4. if the index of the maximum element is not equal to the current index then decrement the value of k.
5. Run a loop from the current index to the end of the array
6. If the ith digit is equal to the maximum element
7. Swap the ith and element at the current index and check if the string is now maximum and update the maximum string.
8. Call the function recursively with parameters: string and k.
9. Now again swap back the ith and element at the current index.

C++

// C++ program to find maximum
// integer possible by doing
// at-most K swap operations on
// its digits.
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Function to find maximum
// integer possible by
// doing at-most K swap operations
// on its digits
void findMaximumNum(
    string str, int k,
    string& max, int ctr)
{
    // return if no swaps left
    if (k == 0)
        return;

    int n = str.length();

    // Consider every digit after
    // the cur position
    char maxm = str[ctr];
    for (int j = ctr + 1; j < n; j++) {
        // Find maximum digit greater
        // than at ctr among rest
        if (maxm < str[j])
            maxm = str[j];
    }

    // If maxm is not equal to str[ctr],
    // decrement k
    if (maxm != str[ctr])
        --k;

    // search this maximum among the rest from behind
    //first swap the last maximum digit if it occurs more then 1 time
   //example str= 1293498 and k=1 then max string is 9293418 instead of 9213498
    for (int j = n-1; j >=ctr; j--) {
        // If digit equals maxm swap
        // the digit with current
        // digit and recurse for the rest
        if (str[j] == maxm) {
            // swap str[ctr] with str[j]
            swap(str[ctr], str[j]);

            // If current num is more than
            // maximum so far
            if (str.compare(max) > 0)
                max = str;

            // recurse other swaps after cur
            findMaximumNum(str, k, max, ctr + 1);

            // Backtrack
            swap(str[ctr], str[j]);
        }
    }
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
    string str = "129814999";
    int k = 4;

    string max = str;
    findMaximumNum(str, k, max, 0);

    cout << max << endl;

    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find maximum
// integer possible by doing
// at-most K swap operations on
// its digits.

import java.io.*;
class Res {
    static String max = "";
}

class Solution {
    // Function to set highest possible digits at given
    // index.
    public static void findMaximumNum(char ar[], int k,
                                      Res r)
    {
        if (k == 0)
            return;
        int n = ar.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
            for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {
                // if digit at position i is less than digit
                // at position j, we swap them and check for
                // maximum number so far.
                if (ar[j] > ar[i]) {
                    char temp = ar[i];
                    ar[i] = ar[j];
                    ar[j] = temp;

                    String st = new String(ar);

                    // if current number is more than
                    // maximum so far
                    if (r.max.compareTo(st) < 0) {
                        r.max = st;
                    }
                    // calling recursive function to set the
                    // next digit.
                    findMaximumNum(ar, k - 1, r);

                    // backtracking
                    temp = ar[i];
                    ar[i] = ar[j];
                    ar[j] = temp;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Function to find the largest number after k swaps.
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        String str = "129814999";
        int k = 4;
        Res r = new Res();
        r.max = str;
        findMaximumNum(str.toCharArray(), k, r);
        //Print the answer stored in res class
        System.out.println(r.max);
    }
}

C#

// C# program to find maximum
// integer possible by doing
// at-most K swap operations on
// its digits.
using System;

class Res {
  public String max = "";
}

public class Solution {
  // Function to set highest possible digits at given
  // index.
  static void findMaximumNum(char []ar, int k,
                             Res r)
  {
    if (k == 0)
      return;
    int n = ar.Length;
    for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
    {
      for (int j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
      {
        // if digit at position i is less than digit
        // at position j, we swap them and check for
        // maximum number so far.
        if (ar[j] > ar[i]) {
          char temp = ar[i];
          ar[i] = ar[j];
          ar[j] = temp;

          String st = new String(ar);

          // if current number is more than
          // maximum so far
          if (r.max.CompareTo(st) < 0) {
            r.max = st;
          }

          // calling recursive function to set the
          // next digit.
          findMaximumNum(ar, k - 1, r);

          // backtracking
          temp = ar[i];
          ar[i] = ar[j];
          ar[j] = temp;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Function to find the largest number after k swaps.
  public static void Main(String[] args)
  {
    String str = "129814999";
    int k = 4;
    Res r = new Res();
    r.max = str;
    findMaximumNum(str.ToCharArray(), k, r);

    // Print the answer stored in res class
    Console.WriteLine(r.max);
  }
}

// This code is contributed by shikhasingrajput

Output:

999984211

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O(n^k). 
  For every recursive call n recursive calls is generated until the value of k is 0. So total recursive calls are O((n)^k).
• Space Complexity: O(n). 
  The space required to store the output string.

Exercise:

1. Find minimum integer possible by doing at-least K swap operations on its digits.
2. Find maximum/minimum integer possible by doing exactly K swap operations on its digits.

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