Given an array of words, find all shortest unique prefixes to represent each word in the given array. Assume that no word is prefix of another.
Examples:
Input: arr[] = {"zebra", "dog", "duck", "dove"} Output: dog, dov, du, z Explanation: dog => dog dove => dov duck => du zebra => z Input: arr[] = {"geeksgeeks", "geeksquiz", "geeksforgeeks"}; Output: geeksf, geeksg, geeksq}
A Simple Solution is to consider every prefix of every word (starting from the shortest to largest), and if a prefix is not prefix of any other string, then print it.
An Efficient Solution is to use Trie. The idea is to maintain a count in every node. Below are steps.
1) Construct a Trie of all words. Also maintain frequency of every node (Here frequency is number of times node is visited during insertion). Time complexity of this step is O(N) where N is total number of characters in all words.
2) Now, for every word, we find the character nearest to the root with frequency as 1. The prefix of the word is path from root to this character. To do this, we can traverse Trie starting from root. For every node being traversed, we check its frequency. If frequency is one, we print all characters from root to this node and don’t traverse down this node.
Time complexity if this step also is O(N) where N is total number of characters in all words.
root / \ (d, 3)/ \(z, 1) / \ Node1 Node2 / \ \ (o,2)/ \(u,1) \(e,1) / \ \ Node1.1 Node1.2 Node2.1 / \ \ \ (g,1)/ \ (t,1) \(c,1) \(b,1) / \ \ \ Leaf Leaf Node1.2.1 Node2.1.1 (dog) (dot) \ \ \(k, 1) \(r, 1) \ \ Leaf Node2.1.1.1 (duck) \ \(a,1) \ Leaf (zebra)
Below is the implementation of above idea.
// C++ program to print all prefixes that // uniquely represent words. #include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std;
#define MAX 256 // Maximum length of an input word #define MAX_WORD_LEN 500 // Trie Node. struct trieNode
{ struct trieNode *child[MAX];
int freq; // To store frequency
}; // Function to create a new trie node. struct trieNode *newTrieNode( void )
{ struct trieNode *newNode = new trieNode;
newNode->freq = 1;
for ( int i = 0; i<MAX; i++)
newNode->child[i] = NULL;
return newNode;
} // Method to insert a new string into Trie void insert( struct trieNode *root, string str)
{ // Length of the URL
int len = str.length();
struct trieNode *pCrawl = root;
// Traversing over the length of given str.
for ( int level = 0; level<len; level++)
{
// Get index of child node from current character
// in str.
int index = str[level];
// Create a new child if not exist already
if (!pCrawl->child[index])
pCrawl->child[index] = newTrieNode();
else
(pCrawl->child[index]->freq)++;
// Move to the child
pCrawl = pCrawl->child[index];
}
} // This function prints unique prefix for every word stored // in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[]. // 'ind' is current index of prefix[] void findPrefixesUtil( struct trieNode *root, char prefix[],
int ind)
{ // Corner case
if (root == NULL)
return ;
// Base case
if (root->freq == 1)
{
prefix[ind] = '\0' ;
cout << prefix << " " ;
return ;
}
for ( int i=0; i<MAX; i++)
{
if (root->child[i] != NULL)
{
prefix[ind] = i;
findPrefixesUtil(root->child[i], prefix, ind+1);
}
}
} // Function to print all prefixes that uniquely // represent all words in arr[0..n-1] void findPrefixes(string arr[], int n)
{ // Construct a Trie of all words
struct trieNode *root = newTrieNode();
root->freq = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i<n; i++)
insert(root, arr[i]);
// Create an array to store all prefixes
char prefix[MAX_WORD_LEN];
// Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal
findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0);
} // Driver function. int main()
{ string arr[] = { "zebra" , "dog" , "duck" , "dove" };
int n = sizeof (arr)/ sizeof (arr[0]);
findPrefixes(arr, n);
return 0;
} |
// Java program to print all prefixes that // uniquely represent words. public class Unique_Prefix_Trie {
static final int MAX = 256 ;
// Maximum length of an input word
static final int MAX_WORD_LEN = 500 ;
// Trie Node.
static class TrieNode
{
TrieNode[] child = new TrieNode[MAX];
int freq; // To store frequency
TrieNode() {
freq = 1 ;
for ( int i = 0 ; i < MAX; i++)
child[i] = null ;
}
}
static TrieNode root;
// Method to insert a new string into Trie
static void insert(String str)
{
// Length of the URL
int len = str.length();
TrieNode pCrawl = root;
// Traversing over the length of given str.
for ( int level = 0 ; level<len; level++)
{
// Get index of child node from current character
// in str.
int index = str.charAt(level);
// Create a new child if not exist already
if (pCrawl.child[index] == null )
pCrawl.child[index] = new TrieNode();
else
(pCrawl.child[index].freq)++;
// Move to the child
pCrawl = pCrawl.child[index];
}
}
// This function prints unique prefix for every word stored
// in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[].
// 'ind' is current index of prefix[]
static void findPrefixesUtil(TrieNode root, char [] prefix,
int ind)
{
// Corner case
if (root == null )
return ;
// Base case
if (root.freq == 1 )
{
prefix[ind] = '\0' ;
int i = 0 ;
while (prefix[i] != '\0' )
System.out.print(prefix[i++]);
System.out.print( " " );
return ;
}
for ( int i= 0 ; i<MAX; i++)
{
if (root.child[i] != null )
{
prefix[ind] = ( char ) i;
findPrefixesUtil(root.child[i], prefix, ind+ 1 );
}
}
}
// Function to print all prefixes that uniquely
// represent all words in arr[0..n-1]
static void findPrefixes(String arr[], int n)
{
// Construct a Trie of all words
root = new TrieNode();
root.freq = 0 ;
for ( int i = 0 ; i<n; i++)
insert(arr[i]);
// Create an array to store all prefixes
char [] prefix = new char [MAX_WORD_LEN];
// Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal
findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0 );
}
// Driver function.
public static void main(String args[])
{
String arr[] = { "zebra" , "dog" , "duck" , "dove" };
int n = arr.length;
findPrefixes(arr, n);
}
} // This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh |
# Python program to print all prefixes that # uniquely represent words. MAX = 256
# Maximum length of an input word MAX_WORD_LEN = 500
# Trie Node. class TrieNode:
def __init__( self ):
self .child = [ None ] * MAX
# To store frequency
self .freq = 1
# Function to create a new trie node. def newTrieNode():
newNode = TrieNode()
return newNode
# Method to insert a new string into Trie def insert(root, str ):
# Length of the URL
len_str = len ( str )
pCrawl = root
# Traversing over the length of given str.
for level in range (len_str):
# Get index of child node from current character
# in str.
index = ord ( str [level])
# Create a new child if not exist already
if not pCrawl.child[index]:
pCrawl.child[index] = newTrieNode()
else :
pCrawl.child[index].freq + = 1
# Move to the child
pCrawl = pCrawl.child[index]
# This function prints unique prefix for every word stored # in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[]. # 'ind' is current index of prefix[] def findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, ind):
# Corner case
if not root:
return
# Base case
if root.freq = = 1 :
prefix[ind] = ""
print (" ".join(prefix[:ind]), end=" ")
return
for i in range ( MAX ):
if root.child[i]:
prefix[ind] = chr (i)
findPrefixesUtil(root.child[i], prefix, ind + 1 )
# Function to print all prefixes that uniquely # represent all words in arr[0..n-1] def findPrefixes(arr, n):
# Construct a Trie of all words
root = newTrieNode()
root.freq = 0
for i in range (n):
insert(root, arr[i])
# Create an array to store all prefixes
prefix = [ None ] * MAX_WORD_LEN
# Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal
findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0 )
# Driver function. if __name__ = = "__main__" :
arr = [ "zebra" , "dog" , "duck" , "dove" ]
n = len (arr)
findPrefixes(arr, n)
# This code is contributed by Aman Kumar. |
// C# program to print all prefixes that // uniquely represent words. using System;
public class Unique_Prefix_Trie
{ static readonly int MAX = 256;
// Maximum length of an input word
static readonly int MAX_WORD_LEN = 500;
// Trie Node.
public class TrieNode
{
public TrieNode[] child = new TrieNode[MAX];
public int freq; // To store frequency
public TrieNode()
{
freq = 1;
for ( int i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
child[i] = null ;
}
}
static TrieNode root;
// Method to insert a new string into Trie
static void insert(String str)
{
// Length of the URL
int len = str.Length;
TrieNode pCrawl = root;
// Traversing over the length of given str.
for ( int level = 0; level<len; level++)
{
// Get index of child node from
// current character in str.
int index = str[level];
// Create a new child if not exist already
if (pCrawl.child[index] == null )
pCrawl.child[index] = new TrieNode();
else
(pCrawl.child[index].freq)++;
// Move to the child
pCrawl = pCrawl.child[index];
}
}
// This function prints unique prefix for every word stored
// in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[].
// 'ind' is current index of prefix[]
static void findPrefixesUtil(TrieNode root, char [] prefix,
int ind)
{
// Corner case
if (root == null )
return ;
// Base case
if (root.freq == 1)
{
prefix[ind] = '\0' ;
int i = 0;
while (prefix[i] != '\0' )
Console.Write(prefix[i++]);
Console.Write( " " );
return ;
}
for ( int i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
{
if (root.child[i] != null )
{
prefix[ind] = ( char ) i;
findPrefixesUtil(root.child[i], prefix, ind + 1);
}
}
}
// Function to print all prefixes that uniquely
// represent all words in arr[0..n-1]
static void findPrefixes(String []arr, int n)
{
// Construct a Trie of all words
root = new TrieNode();
root.freq = 0;
for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++)
insert(arr[i]);
// Create an array to store all prefixes
char [] prefix = new char [MAX_WORD_LEN];
// Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal
findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0);
}
// Driver code
public static void Main()
{
String []arr = { "zebra" , "dog" , "duck" , "dove" };
int n = arr.Length;
findPrefixes(arr, n);
}
} /* This code contributed by PrinciRaj1992 */ |
<script> // Javascript code
const MAX = 256;
// Maximum length of an input word
const MAX_WORD_LEN = 500;
// Trie Node.
class TrieNode {
constructor() {
this .child = new Array(MAX);
this .freq = 0; // To store frequency
}
}
// Function to create a new trie node.
function newTrieNode() {
return new TrieNode();
}
// Method to insert a new string into Trie
function insert(root, str) {
// Length of the string
const len = str.length;
let pCrawl = root;
// Traversing over the length of given str.
for (let level = 0; level < len; level++) {
// Get index of child node from current character
// in string.
const index = str.charCodeAt(level);
// Create a new child if not exist already.
if (!pCrawl.child[index]) {
pCrawl.child[index] = newTrieNode();
}
pCrawl.child[index].freq++;
// Move to the child.
pCrawl = pCrawl.child[index];
}
}
// This function prints unique prefix for every word stored
// in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[].
// 'ind' is current index of prefix[]
function findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, ind) {
// Corner case
if (root == null ) return ;
// Base case
if (root.freq == 1) {
prefix[ind] = '\0' ;
let i = 0;
while (prefix[i] != '\0' )
document.write(prefix[i++]);
document.write( " " );
return ;
}
for (let i = 0; i < MAX; i++) {
if (root.child[i] != null ) {
prefix[ind] = String.fromCharCode(i);
findPrefixesUtil(root.child[i], prefix, ind + 1);
}
}
}
// Function to print all prefixes that uniquely
// represent all words in arr[0..n-1]
function findPrefixes(arr, n) {
// Construct a Trie of all words
const root = newTrieNode();
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
insert(root, arr[i]);
}
// Create an array to store all prefixes
const prefix = new Array(MAX_WORD_LEN);
// Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal
findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0);
}
// Driver function.
const arr = [ 'zebra' , 'dog' , 'duck' , 'dove' ];
const n = arr.length;
findPrefixes(arr, n);
// This code is contributed by Utkarsh Kumar.
</script> |
Output:
dog dov du z
Time Complexity: O(n*m) where n is the length of the array and m is the length of the longest word.
Auxiliary Space: O(n*m)
Thanks to Gaurav Ahirwar for suggesting above solution.