Find shortest unique prefix for every word in a given list

Given an array of words, find all shortest unique prefixes to represent each word in the given array. Assume that no word is prefix of another.

Examples:

Input: arr[] = {"zebra", "dog", "duck", "dove"}
Output: dog, dov, du, z
Explanation: dog => dog
             dove = dov 
             duck = du
             z   => zebra 

Input: arr[] =  {"geeksgeeks", "geeksquiz", "geeksforgeeks"};
Output: geeksf, geeksg, geeksq}

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

A Simple Solution is to consider every prefix of every word (starting from the shortest to largest), and if a prefix is not prefix of any other string, then print it.

An Efficient Solution is to use Trie. The idea is to maintain a count in every node. Below are steps.

1) Construct a Trie of all words. Also maintain frequency of every node (Here frequency is number of times node is visited during insertion). Time complexity of this step is O(N) where N is total number of characters in all words.

2) Now, for every word, we find the character nearest to the root with frequency as 1. The prefix of the word is path from root to this character. To do this, we can traverse Trie starting from root. For every node being traversed, we check its frequency. If frequency is one, we print all characters from root to this node and don’t traverse down this node.

Time complexity if this step also is O(N) where N is total number of characters in all words.

                root
                / \
         (d, 3)/   \(z, 1)
              /     \
          Node1     Node2
           / \          \
     (o,2)/   \(u,1)     \(e,1)
         /     \          \
   Node1.1    Node1.2     Node2.1
      /  \         \            \
(g,1)/    \ (t,1)   \(c,1)       \(b,1)
    /      \         \            \ 
   Leaf   Leaf       Node1.2.1     Node2.1.1
   (dog)  (dot)        \               \
                         \(k, 1)          \(r, 1)
                          \                \   
                          Leaf           Node2.1.1.1
                          (duck)              \
                                                \(a,1)
                                                 \
                                                 Leaf
                                                 (zebra)

Below is C++ implementation of above idea.

C++

// C++ program to print all prefixes that 
// uniquely reprsent words. 
#include<bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
#define MAX 256 
  
// Maximum length of an input word 
#define MAX_WORD_LEN 500 
  
// Trie Node. 
struct trieNode 
{ 
    struct trieNode *child[MAX]; 
    int freq;  // To store frequency 
}; 
  
// Function to create a new trie node. 
struct trieNode *newTrieNode(void) 
{ 
    struct trieNode *newNode = new trieNode; 
    newNode->freq   = 1; 
    for (int i = 0; i<MAX; i++) 
        newNode->child[i] = NULL; 
    return newNode; 
} 
  
// Method to insert a new string into Trie 
void insert(struct trieNode *root, string str) 
{ 
    // Length of the URL 
    int len = str.length(); 
    struct trieNode *pCrawl = root; 
  
    // Traversing over the length of given str. 
    for (int level = 0; level<len; level++) 
    { 
        // Get index of child node from current character 
        // in str. 
        int index = str[level]; 
  
        // Create a new child if not exist already 
        if (!pCrawl->child[index]) 
            pCrawl->child[index] = newTrieNode(); 
        else
           (pCrawl->child[index]->freq)++; 
  
        // Move to the child 
        pCrawl = pCrawl->child[index]; 
    } 
} 
  
// This function prints unique prefix for every word stored 
// in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[]. 
// 'ind' is current index of prefix[] 
void findPrefixesUtil(struct trieNode *root, char prefix[], 
                      int ind) 
{ 
    // Corner case 
    if (root == NULL) 
       return; 
  
    // Base case 
    if (root->freq == 1) 
    { 
       prefix[ind] = '\0'; 
       cout << prefix << " "; 
       return; 
    } 
  
    for (int i=0; i<MAX; i++) 
    { 
       if (root->child[i] != NULL) 
       { 
           prefix[ind] = i; 
           findPrefixesUtil(root->child[i], prefix, ind+1); 
       } 
    } 
} 
  
// Function to print all prefixes that uniquely 
// represent all words in arr[0..n-1] 
void findPrefixes(string arr[], int n) 
{ 
    // Construct a Trie of all words 
    struct trieNode *root = newTrieNode(); 
    root->freq = 0; 
    for (int i = 0; i<n; i++) 
        insert(root, arr[i]); 
  
    // Create an array to store all prefixes 
    char prefix[MAX_WORD_LEN]; 
  
    // Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal 
    findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0); 
} 
  
// Driver function. 
int main() 
{ 
    string arr[] = {"zebra", "dog", "duck", "dove"}; 
    int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]); 
    findPrefixes(arr, n); 
  
    return 0; 
} 

Java

// Java program to print all prefixes that 
// uniquely represent words. 
public class Unique_Prefix_Trie { 
       
    static final int MAX  = 256; 
       
    // Maximum length of an input word 
    static final int MAX_WORD_LEN = 500; 
       
    // Trie Node. 
    static class TrieNode 
    { 
        TrieNode[] child = new TrieNode[MAX]; 
        int freq;  // To store frequency 
        TrieNode() { 
            freq =1; 
            for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) 
                child[i] = null; 
        } 
    } 
    static TrieNode root; 
      
    // Method to insert a new string into Trie 
    static void insert(String str) 
    { 
        // Length of the URL 
        int len = str.length(); 
        TrieNode pCrawl = root; 
       
        // Traversing over the length of given str. 
        for (int level = 0; level<len; level++) 
        { 
            // Get index of child node from current character 
            // in str. 
            int index = str.charAt(level); 
       
            // Create a new child if not exist already 
            if (pCrawl.child[index] == null) 
                pCrawl.child[index] = new TrieNode(); 
            else
               (pCrawl.child[index].freq)++; 
       
            // Move to the child 
            pCrawl = pCrawl.child[index]; 
        } 
    } 
       
    // This function prints unique prefix for every word stored 
    // in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[]. 
    // 'ind' is current index of prefix[] 
    static void findPrefixesUtil(TrieNode root, char[] prefix, 
                          int ind) 
    { 
        // Corner case 
        if (root == null) 
           return; 
       
        // Base case 
        if (root.freq == 1) 
        { 
           prefix[ind] = '\0'; 
           int i = 0; 
           while(prefix[i] != '\0') 
            System.out.print(prefix[i++]); 
           System.out.print("  "); 
           return; 
        } 
       
        for (int i=0; i<MAX; i++) 
        { 
           if (root.child[i] != null) 
           { 
               prefix[ind] = (char) i; 
               findPrefixesUtil(root.child[i], prefix, ind+1); 
           } 
        } 
    } 
       
    // Function to print all prefixes that uniquely 
    // represent all words in arr[0..n-1] 
    static void findPrefixes(String arr[], int n) 
    { 
        // Construct a Trie of all words 
        root = new TrieNode(); 
        root.freq = 0; 
        for (int i = 0; i<n; i++) 
            insert(arr[i]); 
       
        // Create an array to store all prefixes 
        char[] prefix = new char[MAX_WORD_LEN]; 
          
        // Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal 
        findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0); 
    } 
       
    // Driver function. 
    public static void main(String args[]) 
    { 
        String arr[] = {"zebra", "dog", "duck", "dove"}; 
        int n = arr.length; 
        findPrefixes(arr, n); 
    } 
} 
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh 