Find shortest unique prefix for every word in a given list | Set 1 (Using Trie)
Given an array of words, find all shortest unique prefixes to represent each word in the given array. Assume that no word is prefix of another.
Examples:
Input: arr[] = {"zebra", "dog", "duck", "dove"}
Output: dog, dov, du, z
Explanation: dog => dog
dove = dov
duck = du
z => zebra
Input: arr[] = {"geeksgeeks", "geeksquiz", "geeksforgeeks"};
Output: geeksf, geeksg, geeksq}
A Simple Solution is to consider every prefix of every word (starting from the shortest to largest), and if a prefix is not prefix of any other string, then print it.
An Efficient Solution is to use Trie. The idea is to maintain a count in every node. Below are steps.
1) Construct a Trie of all words. Also maintain frequency of every node (Here frequency is number of times node is visited during insertion). Time complexity of this step is O(N) where N is total number of characters in all words.
2) Now, for every word, we find the character nearest to the root with frequency as 1. The prefix of the word is path from root to this character. To do this, we can traverse Trie starting from root. For every node being traversed, we check its frequency. If frequency is one, we print all characters from root to this node and don’t traverse down this node.
Time complexity if this step also is O(N) where N is total number of characters in all words.
root
/ \
(d, 3)/ \(z, 1)
/ \
Node1 Node2
/ \ \
(o,2)/ \(u,1) \(e,1)
/ \ \
Node1.1 Node1.2 Node2.1
/ \ \ \
(g,1)/ \ (t,1) \(c,1) \(b,1)
/ \ \ \
Leaf Leaf Node1.2.1 Node2.1.1
(dog) (dot) \ \
\(k, 1) \(r, 1)
\ \
Leaf Node2.1.1.1
(duck) \
\(a,1)
\
Leaf
(zebra)
Below is the implementation of above idea.
C++
// C++ program to print all prefixes that // uniquely reprsent words. #include<bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; #define MAX 256 // Maximum length of an input word #define MAX_WORD_LEN 500 // Trie Node. struct trieNode { struct trieNode *child[MAX]; int freq; // To store frequency }; // Function to create a new trie node. struct trieNode *newTrieNode(void) { struct trieNode *newNode = new trieNode; newNode->freq = 1; for (int i = 0; i<MAX; i++) newNode->child[i] = NULL; return newNode; } // Method to insert a new string into Trie void insert(struct trieNode *root, string str) { // Length of the URL int len = str.length(); struct trieNode *pCrawl = root; // Traversing over the length of given str. for (int level = 0; level<len; level++) { // Get index of child node from current character // in str. int index = str[level]; // Create a new child if not exist already if (!pCrawl->child[index]) pCrawl->child[index] = newTrieNode(); else (pCrawl->child[index]->freq)++; // Move to the child pCrawl = pCrawl->child[index]; } } // This function prints unique prefix for every word stored // in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[]. // 'ind' is current index of prefix[] void findPrefixesUtil(struct trieNode *root, char prefix[], int ind) { // Corner case if (root == NULL) return; // Base case if (root->freq == 1) { prefix[ind] = '\0'; cout << prefix << " "; return; } for (int i=0; i<MAX; i++) { if (root->child[i] != NULL) { prefix[ind] = i; findPrefixesUtil(root->child[i], prefix, ind+1); } } } // Function to print all prefixes that uniquely // represent all words in arr[0..n-1] void findPrefixes(string arr[], int n) { // Construct a Trie of all words struct trieNode *root = newTrieNode(); root->freq = 0; for (int i = 0; i<n; i++) insert(root, arr[i]); // Create an array to store all prefixes char prefix[MAX_WORD_LEN]; // Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0); } // Driver function. int main() { string arr[] = {"zebra", "dog", "duck", "dove"}; int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]); findPrefixes(arr, n); return 0; } |
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Java
// Java program to print all prefixes that // uniquely represent words. public class Unique_Prefix_Trie { static final int MAX = 256; // Maximum length of an input word static final int MAX_WORD_LEN = 500; // Trie Node. static class TrieNode { TrieNode[] child = new TrieNode[MAX]; int freq; // To store frequency TrieNode() { freq =1; for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) child[i] = null; } } static TrieNode root; // Method to insert a new string into Trie static void insert(String str) { // Length of the URL int len = str.length(); TrieNode pCrawl = root; // Traversing over the length of given str. for (int level = 0; level<len; level++) { // Get index of child node from current character // in str. int index = str.charAt(level); // Create a new child if not exist already if (pCrawl.child[index] == null) pCrawl.child[index] = new TrieNode(); else (pCrawl.child[index].freq)++; // Move to the child pCrawl = pCrawl.child[index]; } } // This function prints unique prefix for every word stored // in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[]. // 'ind' is current index of prefix[] static void findPrefixesUtil(TrieNode root, char[] prefix, int ind) { // Corner case if (root == null) return; // Base case if (root.freq == 1) { prefix[ind] = '\0'; int i = 0; while(prefix[i] != '\0') System.out.print(prefix[i++]); System.out.print(" "); return; } for (int i=0; i<MAX; i++) { if (root.child[i] != null) { prefix[ind] = (char) i; findPrefixesUtil(root.child[i], prefix, ind+1); } } } // Function to print all prefixes that uniquely // represent all words in arr[0..n-1] static void findPrefixes(String arr[], int n) { // Construct a Trie of all words root = new TrieNode(); root.freq = 0; for (int i = 0; i<n; i++) insert(arr[i]); // Create an array to store all prefixes char[] prefix = new char[MAX_WORD_LEN]; // Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0); } // Driver function. public static void main(String args[]) { String arr[] = {"zebra", "dog", "duck", "dove"}; int n = arr.length; findPrefixes(arr, n); } } // This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh |
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C#
// C# program to print all prefixes that // uniquely represent words. using System; public class Unique_Prefix_Trie { static readonly int MAX = 256; // Maximum length of an input word static readonly int MAX_WORD_LEN = 500; // Trie Node. public class TrieNode { public TrieNode[] child = new TrieNode[MAX]; public int freq; // To store frequency public TrieNode() { freq = 1; for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) child[i] = null; } } static TrieNode root; // Method to insert a new string into Trie static void insert(String str) { // Length of the URL int len = str.Length; TrieNode pCrawl = root; // Traversing over the length of given str. for (int level = 0; level<len; level++) { // Get index of child node from // current character in str. int index = str[level]; // Create a new child if not exist already if (pCrawl.child[index] == null) pCrawl.child[index] = new TrieNode(); else (pCrawl.child[index].freq)++; // Move to the child pCrawl = pCrawl.child[index]; } } // This function prints unique prefix for every word stored // in Trie. Prefixes one by one are stored in prefix[]. // 'ind' is current index of prefix[] static void findPrefixesUtil(TrieNode root, char[] prefix, int ind) { // Corner case if (root == null) return; // Base case if (root.freq == 1) { prefix[ind] = '\0'; int i = 0; while(prefix[i] != '\0') Console.Write(prefix[i++]); Console.Write(" "); return; } for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) { if (root.child[i] != null) { prefix[ind] = (char) i; findPrefixesUtil(root.child[i], prefix, ind + 1); } } } // Function to print all prefixes that uniquely // represent all words in arr[0..n-1] static void findPrefixes(String []arr, int n) { // Construct a Trie of all words root = new TrieNode(); root.freq = 0; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) insert(arr[i]); // Create an array to store all prefixes char[] prefix = new char[MAX_WORD_LEN]; // Print all prefixes using Trie Traversal findPrefixesUtil(root, prefix, 0); } // Driver code public static void Main() { String []arr = {"zebra", "dog", "duck", "dove"}; int n = arr.Length; findPrefixes(arr, n); } } /* This code contributed by PrinciRaj1992 */ |
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Output:
dog dov du z
Thanks to Gaurav Ahirwar for suggesting above solution.
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
