Find a peak element

Given an array of integers. Find a peak element in it. An array element is a peak if it is NOT smaller than its neighbours. For corner elements, we need to consider only one neighbour. 

Example:

Input: array[]= {5, 10, 20, 15}
Output: 20
The element 20 has neighbours 10 and 15,
both of them are less than 20.

Input: array[] = {10, 20, 15, 2, 23, 90, 67}
Output: 20 or 90
The element 20 has neighbours 10 and 15, 
both of them are less than 20, similarly 90 has neighbours 23 and 67.

Following corner cases give better idea about the problem.

1. If input array is sorted in strictly increasing order, the last element is always a peak element. For example, 50 is peak element in {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}.
2. If the input array is sorted in strictly decreasing order, the first element is always a peak element. 100 is the peak element in {100, 80, 60, 50, 20}.
3. If all elements of input array are same, every element is a peak element.

It is clear from the above examples that there is always a peak element in the input array.

Naive Approach: The array can be traversed and the element whose neighbours are less than that element can be returned.
Algorithm:

1. In the array, the first element is greater than the second or the last element is greater than the second last, print the respective element and terminate the program.
2. And traverse the array from the second index to the second last index
3. If for an element array[i], it is greater than both its neighbours, i.e., array[i] > =array[i-1] and array[i] > =array[i+1], then print that element and terminate.

C++

// A C++ program to find a peak element
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Find the peak element in the array
int findPeak(int arr[], int n)
{
    // first or last element is peak element
    if (n == 1)
        return 0;
    if (arr[0] >= arr[1])
        return 0;
    if (arr[n - 1] >= arr[n - 2])
        return n - 1;

    // check for every other element
    for (int i = 1; i < n - 1; i++) {

        // check if the neighbors are smaller
        if (arr[i] >= arr[i - 1] && arr[i] >= arr[i + 1])
            return i;
    }
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    cout << "Index of a peak point is " << findPeak(arr, n);
    return 0;
}

// This code is contributed by Aditya Kumar (adityakumar129)

C

// A C program to find a peak element
#include <stdio.h>

// Find the peak element in the array
int findPeak(int arr[], int n)
{
    // first or last element is peak element
    if (n == 1)
        return 0;
    if (arr[0] >= arr[1])
        return 0;
    if (arr[n - 1] >= arr[n - 2])
        return n - 1;

    // check for every other element
    for (int i = 1; i < n - 1; i++) {

        // check if the neighbors are smaller
        if (arr[i] >= arr[i - 1] && arr[i] >= arr[i + 1])
            return i;
    }
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    printf("Index of a peak point is %d",findPeak(arr, n));
    return 0;
}

// This code is contributed by Aditya Kumar (adityakumar129)

Java

// A Java program to find a peak element
import java.util.*;

class GFG {

    // Find the peak element in the array
    static int findPeak(int arr[], int n)
    {
        // First or last element is peak element
        if (n == 1)
            return 0;
        if (arr[0] >= arr[1])
            return 0;
        if (arr[n - 1] >= arr[n - 2])
            return n - 1;
        // Check for every other element
        for (int i = 1; i < n - 1; i++) {
            // Check if the neighbors are smaller
            if (arr[i] >= arr[i - 1] && arr[i] >= arr[i + 1])
                return i;
        }
        return 0;
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int arr[] = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
        int n = arr.length;
        System.out.print("Index of a peak point is " + findPeak(arr, n));
    }
}

// This code is contributed by Aditya Kumar (adityakumar129)

Python3

# A Python3 program to find a peak element

# Find the peak element in the array
def findPeak(arr, n) :

    # first or last element is peak element
    if (n == 1) :
      return 0
    if (arr[0] >= arr[1]) :
        return 0
    if (arr[n - 1] >= arr[n - 2]) :
        return n - 1

    # check for every other element
    for i in range(1, n - 1) :

        # check if the neighbors are smaller
        if (arr[i] >= arr[i - 1] and arr[i] >= arr[i + 1]) :
            return i

# Driver code.
arr = [ 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 ]
n = len(arr)
print("Index of a peak point is", findPeak(arr, n))

# This code is contributed by divyeshrabadiya07

C#

// A C# program to find a peak element
using System;

public class GFG{

// Find the peak element in the array
static int findPeak(int []arr, int n)
{

    // First or last element is peak element
    if (n == 1)
      return 0;
    if (arr[0] >= arr[1])
        return 0;
    if (arr[n - 1] >= arr[n - 2])
        return n - 1;

    // Check for every other element
    for(int i = 1; i < n - 1; i++)
    {

        // Check if the neighbors are smaller
        if (arr[i] >= arr[i - 1] &&
            arr[i] >= arr[i + 1])
            return i;
    }
    return 0;
}

// Driver Code
public static void Main(String[] args)
{
    int []arr = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
    int n = arr.Length;

    Console.Write("Index of a peak point is " +
                     findPeak(arr, n));
}
}



// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar

Javascript

<script>
      // A JavaScript program to find a peak element

      // Find the peak element in the array
      function findPeak(arr, n)
      {

        // first or last element is peak element
        if (n == 1) return 0;
        if (arr[0] >= arr[1]) return 0;
        if (arr[n - 1] >= arr[n - 2]) return n - 1;

        // check for every other element
        for (var i = 1; i < n - 1; i++)
        {

          // check if the neighbors are smaller
          if (arr[i] >= arr[i - 1] && arr[i] >= arr[i + 1]) return i;
        }
      }

      // Driver Code
      var arr = [1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0];
      var n = arr.length;
      document.write("Index of a peak point is " + findPeak(arr, n));

      // This code is contributed by rdtank.
    </script>

Output

Index of a peak point is 2

Complexity Analysis:

• Time complexity: O(n). 
  One traversal is needed so the time complexity is O(n)
• Auxiliary Space: O(1). 
  No extra space is needed, so space complexity is constant

Efficient Approach: Divide and Conquer can be used to find a peak in O(Logn) time. The idea is based on the technique of Binary Search to check if the middle element is the peak element or not. If the middle element is not the peak element, then check if the element on the right side is greater than the middle element then there is always a peak element on the right side. If the element on the left side is greater than the middle element then there is always a peak element on the left side. Form a recursion and the peak element can be found in log n time. 

Algorithm:

1. Create two variables, l and r, initialize l = 0 and r = n-1
2. Iterate the steps below till l <= r, lowerbound is less than the upperbound
3. Check if the mid value or index mid = low + (high – low) / 2, is the peak element or not, if yes then print the element and terminate.
4. Else if the element on the left side of the middle element is greater then check for peak element on the left side, i.e. update r = mid – 1
5. Else if the element on the right side of the middle element is greater then check for peak element on the right side, i.e. update l = mid + 1

C++

// A C++ program to find a peak element
// using divide and conquer
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// A binary search based function
// that returns index of a peak element
int findPeakUtil(int arr[], int low,
                 int high, int n)
{
    // Find index of middle element
    // low + (high - low) / 2
    int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

    // Compare middle element with its
    // neighbours (if neighbours exist)
    if ((mid == 0 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid]) &&
        (mid == n - 1 || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid]))
        return mid;

    // If middle element is not peak and its
    // left neighbour is greater than it,
    // then left half must have a peak element
    else if (mid > 0 && arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
        return findPeakUtil(arr, low, (mid - 1), n);

    // If middle element is not peak and its
    // right neighbour is greater than it,
    // then right half must have a peak element
    else
        return findPeakUtil(
            arr, (mid + 1), high, n);
}

// A wrapper over recursive function findPeakUtil()
int findPeak(int arr[], int n)
{
    return findPeakUtil(arr, 0, n - 1, n);
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    cout << "Index of a peak point is "
         << findPeak(arr, n);
    return 0;
}

// This code is contributed by rajdeep999

C

// C program to find a peak
// element using divide and conquer
#include <stdio.h>

// A binary search based function that
// returns index of a peak element
int findPeakUtil(
    int arr[], int low, int high, int n)
{
    // Find index of middle element
    // low + (high - low) / 2
    int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

    // Compare middle element with
    // its neighbours (if neighbours exist)
    if ((mid == 0 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid]) && (mid == n - 1 || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid]))
        return mid;

    // If middle element is not peak and
    // its left neighbour is greater
    // than it, then left half must have a peak element
    else if (mid > 0 && arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
        return findPeakUtil(arr, low, (mid - 1), n);

    // If middle element is not peak and
    // its right neighbour is greater
    // than it, then right half must have a peak element
    else
        return findPeakUtil(arr, (mid + 1), high, n);
}

// A wrapper over recursive function findPeakUtil()
int findPeak(int arr[], int n)
{
    return findPeakUtil(arr, 0, n - 1, n);
}

/* Driver program to check above functions */
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    printf(
        "Index of a peak point is %d", findPeak(arr, n));
    return 0;
}

Java

// A Java program to find a peak
// element using divide and conquer
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.io.*;

class PeakElement {
    // A binary search based function
    // that returns index of a peak element
    static int findPeakUtil(
        int arr[], int low, int high, int n)
    {
        // Find index of middle element
        // low + (high - low) / 2
        int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

        // Compare middle element with its
        // neighbours (if neighbours exist)
        if ((mid == 0 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid])
            && (mid == n - 1 || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid]))
            return mid;

        // If middle element is not peak
        // and its left neighbor is
        // greater than it, then left half
        // must have a peak element
        else if (mid > 0 && arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
            return findPeakUtil(arr, low, (mid - 1), n);

        // If middle element is not peak
        // and its right neighbor
        // is greater than it, then right
        // half must have a peak
        // element
        else
            return findPeakUtil(
                arr, (mid + 1), high, n);
    }

    // A wrapper over recursive function
    // findPeakUtil()
    static int findPeak(int arr[], int n)
    {
        return findPeakUtil(arr, 0, n - 1, n);
    }

    // Driver method
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int arr[] = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
        int n = arr.length;
        System.out.println(
            "Index of a peak point is " + findPeak(arr, n));
    }
}

Python3

# A python3 program to find a peak
#  element using divide and conquer

# A binary search based function
# that returns index of a peak element
def findPeakUtil(arr, low, high, n):

     # Find index of middle element
     # low + (high - low) / 2
     mid = low + (high - low)/2
     mid = int(mid)

    # Compare middle element with its
    # neighbours (if neighbours exist)
    if ((mid == 0 or arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid]) and
        (mid == n - 1 or arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid])):
        return mid


    # If middle element is not peak and
    # its left neighbour is greater
    # than it, then left half must
    # have a peak element
    elif (mid > 0 and arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid]):
        return findPeakUtil(arr, low, (mid - 1), n)

    # If middle element is not peak and
    # its right neighbour is greater
    # than it, then right half must
    # have a peak element
    else:
        return findPeakUtil(arr, (mid + 1), high, n)


# A wrapper over recursive
# function findPeakUtil()
def findPeak(arr, n):

    return findPeakUtil(arr, 0, n - 1, n)


# Driver code
arr = [1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0]
n = len(arr)
print("Index of a peak point is", findPeak(arr, n))

# This code is contributed by
# Smitha Dinesh Semwal

C#

// A C# program to find
// a peak element
// using divide and conquer
using System;

class GFG {

    // A binary search based
    // function that returns
    // index of a peak element
    static int findPeakUtil(int[] arr, int low,
                            int high, int n)
    {
        // Find index of
        // middle element mid = low + (high - low) / 2
        int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

        // Compare middle element with
        // its neighbours (if neighbours
        // exist)
        if ((mid == 0 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid]) && (mid == n - 1 || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid]))
            return mid;

        // If middle element is not
        // peak and its left neighbor
        // is greater than it, then
        // left half must have a
        // peak element
        else if (mid > 0 && arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
            return findPeakUtil(arr, low,
                                (mid - 1), n);

        // If middle element is not
        // peak and its right neighbor
        // is greater than it, then
        // right half must have a peak
        // element
        else
            return findPeakUtil(arr, (mid + 1),
                                high, n);
    }

    // A wrapper over recursive
    // function findPeakUtil()
    static int findPeak(int[] arr,
                        int n)
    {
        return findPeakUtil(arr, 0,
                            n - 1, n);
    }

    // Driver Code
    static public void Main()
    {
        int[] arr = { 1, 3, 20,
                      4, 1, 0 };
        int n = arr.Length;
        Console.WriteLine("Index of a peak "
                          + "point is " + findPeak(arr, n));
    }
}

// This code is contributed by ajit

PHP

<?php
// A PHP program to find a
// peak element  using
// divide and conquer

// A binary search based function
// that returns index of a peak
// element
function findPeakUtil($arr, $low,
                      $high, $n)
{
    // Find index of middle element
    $mid = $low + ($high - $low) / 2; // (low + high)/2

    // Compare middle element with
    // its neighbours (if neighbours exist)
    if (($mid == 0 ||
         $arr[$mid - 1] <= $arr[$mid]) &&
        ($mid == $n - 1 ||
         $arr[$mid + 1] <= $arr[$mid]))
        return $mid;

    // If middle element is not peak
    // and its left neighbour is greater
    // than it, then left half must
    // have a peak element
    else if ($mid > 0 &&
             $arr[$mid - 1] > $arr[$mid])
        return findPeakUtil($arr, $low,
                           ($mid - 1), $n);

    // If middle element is not peak
    // and its right neighbour is
    // greater than it, then right
    // half must have a peak element
    else return(findPeakUtil($arr, ($mid + 1),
                             $high, $n));
}

// A wrapper over recursive
// function findPeakUtil()
function findPeak($arr, $n)
{
    return floor(findPeakUtil($arr, 0,
                              $n - 1, $n));
}

// Driver Code
$arr = array(1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0);
$n = sizeof($arr);
echo "Index of a peak point is ",
              findPeak($arr, $n);

// This code is contributed by ajit
?>

Javascript

<script>

// A Javascript program to find a peak element
// using divide and conquer

// A binary search based function
// that returns index of a peak element
function findPeakUtil(arr, low, high, n)
{
    // Find index of middle element
    // low + (high - low) / 2
    var mid = low + parseInt((high - low) / 2);

    // Compare middle element with its
    // neighbours (if neighbours exist)
    if ((mid == 0 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid]) &&
        (mid == n - 1 || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid]))
        return mid;

    // If middle element is not peak and its
    // left neighbour is greater than it,
    // then left half must have a peak element
    else if (mid > 0 && arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
        return findPeakUtil(arr, low, (mid - 1), n);

    // If middle element is not peak and its
    // right neighbour is greater than it,
    // then right half must have a peak element
    else
        return findPeakUtil(
            arr, (mid + 1), high, n);
}

// A wrapper over recursive function findPeakUtil()

function findPeak(arr, n)
{
    return findPeakUtil(arr, 0, n - 1, n);
}

// Driver Code
var arr = [ 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 ];
var n = arr.length;
document.write("Index of a peak point is "
    + findPeak(arr, n));


</script>

Output

Index of a peak point is 2

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O(Logn). 
  Where n is the number of elements in the input array. In each step our search becomes half. So it can be compared to Binary search, So the time complexity is O(log n)
• Auxiliary Space: O(log n). 
  As recursive call is there, hence implicit stack is used.

Iterative Approach : The below given code is the iterative version of the above explained and demonstrated recursive based divide and conquer technique.

C++

// A C++ program to find a peak element
// using divide and conquer
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// A binary search based function
// that returns index of a peak element
int findPeak(int arr[], int n)
{
    int l = 0;
    int r = n-1;
    int mid;

    while (l <= r) {

        // finding mid by binary right shifting.
        mid = (l + r) >> 1;

        // first case if mid is the answer
        if ((mid == 0 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid])
            and (mid == n - 1 || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid]))
            break;

        // move the right pointer
        if (mid > 0 and arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
            r = mid - 1;

        // move the left pointer
        else
            l = mid + 1;
    }

    return mid;
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    cout << "Index of a peak point is " << findPeak(arr, n);
    return 0;
}

// This code is contributed by Rajdeep Mallick (rajdeep999)

C

// A C program to find a peak element using divide and
// conquer
#include <stdio.h>

// A binary search based function
// that returns index of a peak element
int findPeak(int arr[], int n)
{
    int l = 0;
    int r = n-1;
    int mid;

    while (l <= r) {
        // finding mid by binary right shifting.
        mid = (l + r) >> 1;

        // first case if mid is the answer
        if ((mid == 0 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid])
            && (mid == n - 1 || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid]))
            break;

        // move the right pointer
        if (mid > 0 && arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
            r = mid - 1;

        // move the left pointer
        else
            l = mid + 1;
    }

    return mid;
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    printf("Index of a peak point is %d", findPeak(arr, n));
    return 0;
}

// This code is contributed by Rajdeep Mallick (rajdeep999)

Java

// A Java program to find a peak element using divide and
// conquer
class GFG {

    // A binary search based function that returns index of
    // a peak element
    static int findPeak(int arr[], int n)
    {
        int l = 0;
        int r = n-1;
        int mid = 0;

        while (l <= r) {

            // finding mid by binary right shifting.
            mid = (l + r) >> 1;

            // first case if mid is the answer
            if ((mid == 0
                 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid]
                        && (mid == n - 1
                            || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid])))
                break;

            // move the right pointer
            if (mid > 0 && arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
                r = mid - 1;

            // move the left pointer
            else
                l = mid + 1;
        }

        return mid;
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        int arr[] = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
        int n = arr.length;
        System.out.println("Index of a peak point is "
                           + findPeak(arr, n));
    }
}

// This code is contributed by Rajdeep Mallick (rajdeep999)

Python3

# A Python program to find a peak element
# using divide and conquer

# A binary search based function
# that returns index of a peak element
def findPeak(arr, n):

    l = 0
    r = n-1

    while(l <= r):

        # finding mid by binary right shifting.
        mid = (l + r) >> 1

        # first case if mid is the answer
        if((mid == 0 or arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid]) and (mid == n - 1 or arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid])):
            break

        # move the right pointer
        if(mid > 0 and arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid]):
            r = mid - 1

        # move the left pointer
        else:
            l = mid + 1

    return mid


# Driver Code
arr = [1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0]
n = len(arr)
print(f"Index of a peak point is {findPeak(arr, n)}")

# This code is contributed by Rajdeep Mallick (rajdeep999)

C#

// A C# program to find a peak element
// using divide and conquer
using System;

public class GFG {

    // A binary search based function
    // that returns index of a peak element
    static int findPeak(int[] arr, int n)
    {
        int l = 0;
        int r = n-1;
        int mid = 0;

        while (l <= r) {

            // finding mid by binary right shifting.
            mid = (l + r) >> 1;

            // first case if mid is the answer
            if ((mid == 0
                 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid]
                        && (mid == n - 1
                            || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid])))
                break;

            // move the right pointer
            if (mid > 0 && arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
                r = mid - 1;

            // move the left pointer
            else
                l = mid + 1;
        }

        return mid;
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        int[] arr = { 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 };
        int n = arr.Length;
        Console.WriteLine("Index of a peak point is "
                          + findPeak(arr, n));
    }
}

// This code is contributed by Rajdeep Mallick (rajdeep999)

Javascript

<script>

// A JavaScript program to find a peak element
// using divide and conquer

// A binary search based function
// that returns index of a peak element
function findPeakUtil(arr, low, high, n)
{
    let l = low;
    let r = high - 1;
    let mid;

    while(l <= r)
    {

        // finding the mid index by right shifting
           mid = (l + r) >> 1;

        // first case if mid is the answer
        if((mid == 0 || arr[mid - 1] <= arr[mid]) &&
        (mid == n - 1 || arr[mid + 1] <= arr[mid]))
            break;

        // change the right pointer to mid-1
        if(mid > 0 && arr[mid - 1] > arr[mid])
            r = mid - 1;

        // change the left pointer to mid+1
        else
               l = mid + 1;
       }

       return mid;
}

// A wrapper over recursive function findPeakUtil()
function findPeak(arr,n)
{
    return findPeakUtil(arr, 0, n, n);
}

// Driver Code
let arr = [ 1, 3, 20, 4, 1, 0 ];
let n = arr.length;
document.write("Index of a peak point is " +findPeak(arr, n));

// This code is contributed by Rajdeep Mallick (rajdeep999)
</script>

Output

Index of a peak point is 2

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O(Logn). 
  Where n is the number of elements in the input array. In each step our search becomes half. So it can be compared to Binary search, So the time complexity is O(log n)
• Auxiliary Space: O(1). 
  No extra space is required, so the space complexity is constant.

Exercise:
Consider the following modified definition of peak element. An array element is a peak if it is greater than its neighbors. Note that an array may not contain a peak element with this modified definition.

References:
http://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.006/spring11/lectures/lec02.pdf
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtSuA80QTyo

Asked in: Amazon

Related Problem: 
Find local minima in an array
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