Fibonacci Number modulo M and Pisano Period
Given two number N and M. The task is to find the N-th fibonacci number mod M.
In general let FN be the N-th fibonacci number then the output should be FN % M.
The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers in which each no. is the sum of two preceding nos. It is defined by the recurrence relation:
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F0 = 0 F1 = 1 Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2
These nos. are in the following sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, …
Here N can be large.
Examples:
Input: N = 438, M = 900
Output: 44Input: N = 1548276540, M = 235
Output: 185
Approach:
However, for such values of N, a simple recursive approach to keep calculating N Fibonacci numbers with a time complexity of O(2N) should be avoided. Even an iterative or a Dynamic Programming approach with an algorithm looping for N iterations will not be time-efficient.
This problem can be solved using the properties of Pisano Period.
For a given value of N and M >= 2, the series generated with Fi modulo M (for i in range(N)) is periodic.
The period always starts with 01. The Pisano Period is defined as the length of the period of this series.
To understand it further, let’s see what happens when M is small:i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fi 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Fi mod 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 Fi mod 3 0 1 1 2 0 2 2 1 0 1 1 2
For M = 2, the period is 011 and has length 3 while for M = 3 the sequence repeats after 8 nos.
Example:
So to compute, say F2019 mod 5, we’ll find the remainder of 2019 when divided by 20 (Pisano Period of 5 is 20). 2019 mod 20 is 19. Therefore, F2019 mod 5 = F19 mod 5 = 1. This property is true in general.
We need to find the remainder when N is divided by the Pisano Period of M. Then calculate F(N)remainder mod M for the newly calculated N.
Below is the implementation of FN modulo M:
C++
// C++ program to calculate// Fibonacci no. modulo m using// Pisano Period#include <bits/stdc++.h>using namespace std;// Calculate and return Pisano Period// The length of a Pisano Period for// a given m ranges from 3 to m * mlong pisano(long m){ long prev = 0; long curr = 1; long res = 0; for(int i = 0; i < m * m; i++) { long temp = 0; temp = curr; curr = (prev + curr) % m; prev = temp; if (prev == 0 && curr == 1) res = i + 1; } return res;}// Calculate Fn mod mlong fibonacciModulo(long n, long m){ // Getting the period long pisanoPeriod = pisano(m); n = n % pisanoPeriod; long prev = 0; long curr = 1; if (n == 0) return 0; else if (n == 1) return 1; for(int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) { long temp = 0; temp = curr; curr = (prev + curr) % m; prev = temp; } return curr % m;}// Driver Codeint main(){ long n = 1548276540; long m = 235; cout << (fibonacciModulo(n, m)); return 0;}// This code is contributed by subhammahato348 |
Java
// Java program to calculate// Fibonacci no. modulo m using// Pisano Periodimport java.io.*;class GFG{ // Calculate and return Pisano Period// The length of a Pisano Period for// a given m ranges from 3 to m * mpublic static long pisano(long m){ long prev = 0; long curr = 1; long res = 0; for(int i = 0; i < m * m; i++) { long temp = 0; temp = curr; curr = (prev + curr) % m; prev = temp; if (prev == 0 && curr == 1) res= i + 1; } return res;}// Calculate Fn mod mpublic static long fibonacciModulo(long n, long m){ // Getting the period long pisanoPeriod = pisano(m); n = n % pisanoPeriod; long prev = 0; long curr = 1; if (n == 0) return 0; else if (n == 1) return 1; for(int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) { long temp = 0; temp = curr; curr = (prev + curr) % m; prev = temp; } return curr % m;}// Driver Codepublic static void main(String[] args){ long n = 1548276540; long m = 235; System.out.println(fibonacciModulo(n, m));}}// This code is contributor by Parag Pallav Singh |
Python3
# Python3 program to calculate# Fibonacci no. modulo m using# Pisano Period# Calculate and return Pisano Period# The length of a Pisano Period for# a given m ranges from 3 to m * mdef pisanoPeriod(m): previous, current = 0, 1 for i in range(0, m * m): previous, current \ = current, (previous + current) % m # A Pisano Period starts with 01 if (previous == 0 and current == 1): return i + 1# Calculate Fn mod mdef fibonacciModulo(n, m): # Getting the period pisano_period = pisanoPeriod(m) # Taking mod of N with # period length n = n % pisano_period previous, current = 0, 1 if n==0: return 0 elif n==1: return 1 for i in range(n-1): previous, current \ = current, previous + current return (current % m)# Driver Codeif __name__ == '__main__': n = 1548276540 m = 235 print(fibonacciModulo(n, m)) |
C#
// C# program to calculate// Fibonacci no. modulo m using// Pisano Periodusing System;class GFG { // Calculate and return Pisano Period // The length of a Pisano Period for // a given m ranges from 3 to m * m public static long pisano(long m) { long prev = 0; long curr = 1; long res = 0; for (int i = 0; i < m * m; i++) { long temp = 0; temp = curr; curr = (prev + curr) % m; prev = temp; if (prev == 0 && curr == 1) res = i + 1; } return res; } // Calculate Fn mod m public static long fibonacciModulo(long n, long m) { // Getting the period long pisanoPeriod = pisano(m); n = n % pisanoPeriod; long prev = 0; long curr = 1; if (n == 0) return 0; else if (n == 1) return 1; for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) { long temp = 0; temp = curr; curr = (prev + curr) % m; prev = temp; } return curr % m; } // Driver Code public static void Main() { long n = 1548276540; long m = 235; Console.Write(fibonacciModulo(n, m)); }}// This code is contributed by subham348. |
Javascript
<script>// javascript program to calculate// Fibonacci no. modulo m using// Pisano Period// Calculate and return Pisano Period// The length of a Pisano Period for// a given m ranges from 3 to m * mfunction pisano(m){ let prev = 0; let curr = 1; let res = 0; for(let i = 0; i < m * m; i++) { let temp = 0; temp = curr; curr = (prev + curr) % m; prev = temp; if (prev == 0 && curr == 1) res = i + 1; } return res;}// Calculate Fn mod mfunction fibonacciModulo(n,m){ // Getting the period let pisanoPeriod = pisano(m); n = n % pisanoPeriod; let prev = 0; let curr = 1; if (n == 0) return 0; else if (n == 1) return 1; for(let i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) { let temp = 0; temp = curr; curr = (prev + curr) % m; prev = temp; } return curr % m;} let n = 1548276540; let m = 235; document.write(fibonacciModulo(n, m)); // This code is contributed by vaibhavrabadiya117.</script> |
185
Pisano Period of 235 is 160. 1548276540 mod 160 is 60. F60 mod 235 = 185. Using Pisano Period, we now need to calculate Fibonacci nos. iteratively for a relatively lower N than specified in the original problem and then calculate FN modulo M.
Time Complexity: O(M2)
