Factorial of a large number
Factorial of a non-negative integer, is the multiplication of all integers smaller than or equal to n. For example factorial of 6 is 6*5*4*3*2*1 which is 720.
We have discussed simple program for factorial.
How to compute factorial of 100 using a C/C++ program?
Factorial of 100 has 158 digits. It is not possible to store these many digits even if we use long long int.
Examples :
Input : 100 Output : 933262154439441526816992388562667004- 907159682643816214685929638952175999- 932299156089414639761565182862536979- 208272237582511852109168640000000000- 00000000000000 Input :50 Output : 3041409320171337804361260816606476884- 4377641568960512000000000000
Following is a simple solution where we use an array to store individual digits of the result. The idea is to use basic mathematics for multiplication.
The following is a detailed algorithm for finding factorial.
factorial(n)
1) Create an array ‘res[]’ of MAX size where MAX is number of maximum digits in output.
2) Initialize value stored in ‘res[]’ as 1 and initialize ‘res_size’ (size of ‘res[]’) as 1.
3) Do following for all numbers from x = 2 to n.
……a) Multiply x with res[] and update res[] and res_size to store the multiplication result.
How to multiply a number ‘x’ with the number stored in res[]?
The idea is to use simple school mathematics. We one by one multiply x with every digit of res[]. The important point to note here is digits are multiplied from rightmost digit to leftmost digit. If we store digits in same order in res[], then it becomes difficult to update res[] without extra space. That is why res[] is maintained in reverse way, i.e., digits from right to left are stored.
multiply(res[], x)
1) Initialize carry as 0.
2) Do following for i = 0 to res_size – 1
….a) Find value of res[i] * x + carry. Let this value be prod.
….b) Update res[i] by storing last digit of prod in it.
….c) Update carry by storing remaining digits in carry.
3) Put all digits of carry in res[] and increase res_size by number of digits in carry.
Example to show working of multiply(res[], x) A number 5189 is stored in res[] as following. res[] = {9, 8, 1, 5} x = 10 Initialize carry = 0; i = 0, prod = res[0]*x + carry = 9*10 + 0 = 90. res[0] = 0, carry = 9 i = 1, prod = res[1]*x + carry = 8*10 + 9 = 89 res[1] = 9, carry = 8 i = 2, prod = res[2]*x + carry = 1*10 + 8 = 18 res[2] = 8, carry = 1 i = 3, prod = res[3]*x + carry = 5*10 + 1 = 51 res[3] = 1, carry = 5 res[4] = carry = 5 res[] = {0, 9, 8, 1, 5}
Below is the implementation of the above algorithm.
NOTE : In the below implementation, maximum digits in the output are assumed as 500. To find a factorial of a much larger number ( > 254), increase the size of an array or increase the value of MAX.
C++
// C++ program to compute factorial of big numbers #include<iostream> using namespace std; // Maximum number of digits in output #define MAX 500 int multiply( int x, int res[], int res_size); // This function finds factorial of large numbers // and prints them void factorial( int n) { int res[MAX]; // Initialize result res[0] = 1; int res_size = 1; // Apply simple factorial formula n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4...*n for ( int x=2; x<=n; x++) res_size = multiply(x, res, res_size); cout << "Factorial of given number is \n" ; for ( int i=res_size-1; i>=0; i--) cout << res[i]; } // This function multiplies x with the number // represented by res[]. // res_size is size of res[] or number of digits in the // number represented by res[]. This function uses simple // school mathematics for multiplication. // This function may value of res_size and returns the // new value of res_size int multiply( int x, int res[], int res_size) { int carry = 0; // Initialize carry // One by one multiply n with individual digits of res[] for ( int i=0; i<res_size; i++) { int prod = res[i] * x + carry; // Store last digit of 'prod' in res[] res[i] = prod % 10; // Put rest in carry carry = prod/10; } // Put carry in res and increase result size while (carry) { res[res_size] = carry%10; carry = carry/10; res_size++; } return res_size; } // Driver program int main() { factorial(100); return 0; } |
Java
// JAVA program to compute factorial // of big numbers class GFG { // This function finds factorial of // large numbers and prints them static void factorial( int n) { int res[] = new int [ 500 ]; // Initialize result res[ 0 ] = 1 ; int res_size = 1 ; // Apply simple factorial formula // n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4...*n for ( int x = 2 ; x <= n; x++) res_size = multiply(x, res, res_size); System.out.println( "Factorial of given number is " ); for ( int i = res_size - 1 ; i >= 0 ; i--) System.out.print(res[i]); } // This function multiplies x with the number // represented by res[]. res_size is size of res[] or // number of digits in the number represented by res[]. // This function uses simple school mathematics for // multiplication. This function may value of res_size // and returns the new value of res_size static int multiply( int x, int res[], int res_size) { int carry = 0 ; // Initialize carry // One by one multiply n with individual // digits of res[] for ( int i = 0 ; i < res_size; i++) { int prod = res[i] * x + carry; res[i] = prod % 10 ; // Store last digit of // 'prod' in res[] carry = prod/ 10 ; // Put rest in carry } // Put carry in res and increase result size while (carry!= 0 ) { res[res_size] = carry % 10 ; carry = carry / 10 ; res_size++; } return res_size; } // Driver program public static void main(String args[]) { factorial( 100 ); } } //This code is contributed by Nikita Tiwari |
Python3
# Python program to compute factorial # of big numbers import sys # This function finds factorial of large # numbers and prints them def factorial( n) : res = [ None ] * 500 # Initialize result res[ 0 ] = 1 res_size = 1 # Apply simple factorial formula # n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4...*n x = 2 while x < = n : res_size = multiply(x, res, res_size) x = x + 1 print ( "Factorial of given number is" ) i = res_size - 1 while i > = 0 : sys.stdout.write( str (res[i])) sys.stdout.flush() i = i - 1 # This function multiplies x with the number # represented by res[]. res_size is size of res[] # or number of digits in the number represented # by res[]. This function uses simple school # mathematics for multiplication. This function # may value of res_size and returns the new value # of res_size def multiply(x, res,res_size) : carry = 0 # Initialize carry # One by one multiply n with individual # digits of res[] i = 0 while i < res_size : prod = res[i] * x + carry res[i] = prod % 10 ; # Store last digit of # 'prod' in res[] # make sure floor division is used carry = prod / / 10 ; # Put rest in carry i = i + 1 # Put carry in res and increase result size while (carry) : res[res_size] = carry % 10 # make sure floor division is used # to avoid floating value carry = carry / / 10 res_size = res_size + 1 return res_size # Driver program factorial( 100 ) #This code is contributed by Nikita Tiwari. |
C#
// C# program to compute // factorial of big numbers using System; class GFG { // This function finds factorial // of large numbers and prints them static void factorial( int n) { int []res = new int [500]; // Initialize result res[0] = 1; int res_size = 1; // Apply simple factorial formula // n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4...*n for ( int x = 2; x <= n; x++) res_size = multiply(x, res, res_size); Console.WriteLine( "Factorial of " + "given number is " ); for ( int i = res_size - 1; i >= 0; i--) Console.Write(res[i]); } // This function multiplies x // with the number represented // by res[]. res_size is size // of res[] or number of digits // in the number represented by // res[]. This function uses // simple school mathematics for // multiplication. This function // may value of res_size and // returns the new value of res_size static int multiply( int x, int []res, int res_size) { int carry = 0; // Initialize carry // One by one multiply n with // individual digits of res[] for ( int i = 0; i < res_size; i++) { int prod = res[i] * x + carry; res[i] = prod % 10; // Store last digit of // 'prod' in res[] carry = prod / 10; // Put rest in carry } // Put carry in res and // increase result size while (carry != 0) { res[res_size] = carry % 10; carry = carry / 10; res_size++; } return res_size; } // Driver Code static public void Main () { factorial(100); } } // This code is contributed by ajit |
PHP
<?php // PHP program to compute factorial // of big numbers // Maximum number of digits in output $MAX = 500; // This function finds factorial of // large numbers and prints them function factorial( $n ) { global $MAX ; $res = array_fill (0, $MAX , 0); // Initialize result $res [0] = 1; $res_size = 1; // Apply simple factorial formula // n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4...*n for ( $x = 2; $x <= $n ; $x ++) $res_size = multiply( $x , $res , $res_size ); echo "Factorial of given number is \n" ; for ( $i = $res_size - 1; $i >= 0; $i --) echo $res [ $i ]; } // This function multiplies x with the number // represented by res[]. // res_size is size of res[] or number of // digits in the number represented by res[]. // This function uses simple school mathematics // for multiplication. This function may value // of res_size and returns the new value of res_size function multiply( $x , & $res , $res_size ) { $carry = 0; // Initialize carry // One by one multiply n with individual // digits of res[] for ( $i = 0; $i < $res_size ; $i ++) { $prod = $res [ $i ] * $x + $carry ; // Store last digit of 'prod' in res[] $res [ $i ] = $prod % 10; // Put rest in carry $carry = (int)( $prod / 10); } // Put carry in res and increase // result size while ( $carry ) { $res [ $res_size ] = $carry % 10; $carry = (int)( $carry / 10); $res_size ++; } return $res_size ; } // Driver Code factorial(100); // This code is contributed by chandan_jnu ?> |
Javascript
<script> // Javascript program to compute factorial of big numbers // This function finds factorial of large numbers // and prints them function factorial(n) { let res = new Array(500); // Initialize result res[0] = 1; let res_size = 1; // Apply simple factorial formula n! = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4...*n for (let x=2; x<=n; x++) res_size = multiply(x, res, res_size); document.write( "Factorial of given number is " + "<br>" ); for (let i=res_size-1; i>=0; i--) document.write(res[i]); } // This function multiplies x with the number // represented by res[]. // res_size is size of res[] or number of digits in the // number represented by res[]. This function uses simple // school mathematics for multiplication. // This function may value of res_size and returns the // new value of res_size function multiply(x, res, res_size) { let carry = 0; // Initialize carry // One by one multiply n with individual digits of res[] for (let i=0; i<res_size; i++) { let prod = res[i] * x + carry; // Store last digit of 'prod' in res[] res[i] = prod % 10; // Put rest in carry carry = Math.floor(prod/10); } // Put carry in res and increase result size while (carry) { res[res_size] = carry%10; carry = Math.floor(carry/10); res_size++; } return res_size; } // Driver program factorial(100); // This code is contributed by Mayank Tyagi </script> |
Factorial of given number is 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000
The above approach can be optimized in many ways. We will soon be discussing an optimized solution for the same.
This article is contributed by Harshit Agrawal. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above
Program 2: (BigInteger method)
Big Integer can also be used to calculate factorial of large numbers.
Java
// Java program to find large // factorials using BigInteger import java.math.BigInteger; import java.util.Scanner; public class Example { // Returns Factorial of N static BigInteger factorial( int N) { // Initialize result BigInteger f = new BigInteger( "1" ); // Or BigInteger.ONE // Multiply f with 2, 3, ...N for ( int i = 2 ; i <= N; i++) f = f.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(i)); return f; } // Driver method public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { int N = 20 ; System.out.println(factorial(N)); } } |
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Program 3: (Using LinkedList)
Linked List can also be used, this approach will not waste any extra space.
C++
#include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; #define rep(i, a, b) for (int i = a; i <= b; i++) using namespace std; // Made a class node containing data and previous pointer as // we are using tail pointer class Node { public : int data; Node* prev; Node( int n) { data = n; prev = NULL; } }; void Multiply(Node* tail, int n) { Node *temp = tail, *prevNode = tail; // Temp variable for keeping tail int carry = 0; while (temp != NULL) { int data = temp->data * n + carry; temp->data = data % 10; // stores the last digit carry = data / 10; prevNode = temp; temp = temp->prev; // Moving temp by 1 prevNode will // now denote temp } // If carry is greater than 0 then we create another // node for it. while (carry != 0) { prevNode->prev = new Node(( int )(carry % 10)); carry /= 10; prevNode = prevNode->prev; } } void print(Node* tail) { if (tail == NULL) // Using tail recursion return ; print(tail->prev); cout << tail->data; // Print linked list in reverse order } // Driver code int main() { int n = 20; Node tail(1); // Create a node and initialise it by 1 rep(i, 2, n) Multiply(&tail, i); // Run a loop from 2 to n and // multiply with tail's i print(&tail); // Print the linked list cout << endl; return 0; } // This code is contributed by Kingshuk Deb |
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