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Digital Band Pass Butterworth Filter in Python

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In this article, we are going to discuss how to design a Digital Low Pass Butterworth Filter using Python. The Butterworth filter is a type of signal processing filter designed to have a frequency response as flat as possible in the pass band. Let us take the below specifications to design the filter and observe the Magnitude, Phase & Impulse Response of the Digital Butterworth Filter.

What is Digital Bandpass Filter?

A band-pass filter is a filter that passes frequencies within a range and rejects frequencies outside that range.

How it’s different from Highpass & Lowpass:

The main difference can be spotted by observing the magnitude response of the Band Pass Filter. The passband of the filter is of a specific range, which means that the only signal’s within this range can be passed by the Bandpass filter. Any signal which doesn’t fall within the specified range is rejected by the filter.

The specifications are as follows:  

  • Sampling rate of 40 kHz
  • Pass band edge frequencies are 1400 Hz & 2100 Hz
  • Stop band edge frequencies are 1050 Hz & 2450 Hz
  • Pass band ripple of 0.4 dB
  • Minimum stop band attenuation of 50 dB

We will plot the magnitude, phase, and impulse response of the filter.

Step-by-step Approach:

Before starting, first, we will create a user-defined function to convert the edge frequencies, we are defining it as convert() method.

Python3




# explicit function to convert
# edge frequencies
def convertX(f_sample, f):
    w = []
      
    for i in range(len(f)):
        b = 2*((f[i]/2)/(f_sample/2))
        w.append(b)
  
    omega_mine = []
  
    for i in range(len(w)):
        c = (2/Td)*np.tan(w[i]/2)
        omega_mine.append(c)
  
    return omega_mine


Now below are the steps:

Step 1: Importing all the necessary libraries.

Python3




# import required modules 
import numpy as np 
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 
from scipy import signal 
import math


Step 2: Define variables with the given specifications of the filter.

Python3




# Specifications of Filter
  
# sampling frequency
f_sample = 7000
  
# pass band frequency
f_pass = [1400, 2100]
  
# stop band frequency
f_stop = [1050, 2450]
  
# pass band ripple
fs = 0.5
  
# Sampling Time
Td = 1
  
# pass band ripple
g_pass = 0.4
  
# stop band attenuation
g_stop = 50


Step 3: Building the filter using signal.buttord() function.

Python3




# Conversion to prewrapped analog 
# frequency 
omega_p=convertX(f_sample,f_pass)
omega_s=convertX(f_sample,f_stop)
    
# Design of Filter using signal.buttord 
# function 
N, Wn = signal.buttord(omega_p, omega_s, 
                       g_pass, g_stop, 
                       analog=True
    
    
# Printing the values of order & cut-off frequency
# N is the order 
print("Order of the Filter=", N) 
  
# Wn is the cut-off freq of the filter 
print("Cut-off frequency= {:} rad/s ".format(Wn)) 
    
    
# Conversion in Z-domain 
    
# b is the numerator of the filter & a is
# the denominator 
b, a = signal.butter(N, Wn, 'bandpass', True
z, p = signal.bilinear(b, a, fs) 
  
# w is the freq in z-domain & h is the 
# magnitude in z-domain 
w, h = signal.freqz(z, p, 512)


Step 4: Plotting the Magnitude Response.

Python3




# Magnitude Response
plt.semilogx(w, 20*np.log10(abs(h)))
plt.xscale('log')
plt.title('Butterworth filter frequency response')
plt.xlabel('Frequency [Hz]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude [dB]')
plt.margins(0, 0.1)
plt.grid(which='both', axis='both')
plt.axvline(100, color='green')
plt.show()


Step 5: Plotting the Impulse Response.

Python3




# Impulse Response
imp = signal.unit_impulse(40)
c, d = signal.butter(N, 0.5)
response = signal.lfilter(c, d, imp)
  
plt.stem(np.arange(0, 40), imp, markerfmt='D', use_line_collection=True)
plt.stem(np.arange(0, 40), response, use_line_collection=True)
plt.margins(0, 0.1)
  
plt.xlabel('Time [samples]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()


Step 6: Plotting the Phase Response.

Python3




# Frequency Response
fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()
ax1.set_title('Digital filter frequency response')
ax1.set_ylabel('Angle(radians)', color='g')
ax1.set_xlabel('Frequency [Hz]')
  
angles = np.unwrap(np.angle(h))
  
ax1.plot(w/2*np.pi, angles, 'g')
ax1.grid()
ax1.axis('tight')
plt.show()


Below is the complete program based on the above approach:

Python3




# User-defined function to convert the 
# values of edge frequencies
def convertX(f_sample,f):
  w=[]
    
  for i in range(len(f)):
    b=2*((f[i]/2)/(f_sample/2))
    w.append(b)
  
  omega_mine=[]
  
  for i in range(len(w)):
    c=(2/Td)*np.tan(w[i]/2)
    omega_mine.append(c)
  
  return omega_mine
  
# Importing Libraries
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy import signal
import math
   
# Specifications of Filter 
    
# sampling frequency 
f_sample =7000
    
# pass band frequency 
f_pass =[1400,2100
    
# stop band frequency 
f_stop =[1050,2450]  
    
# pass band ripple 
fs = 0.5
    
# Sampling Time 
Td = 1  
    
 # pass band ripple 
g_pass = 0.4 
    
# stop band attenuation 
g_stop = 50  
  
# Conversion to prewrapped analog
# frequency 
omega_p=convertX(f_sample,f_pass)
omega_s=convertX(f_sample,f_stop)
    
# Design of Filter using signal.buttord 
# function 
N, Wn = signal.buttord(omega_p, omega_s, 
                       g_pass, g_stop, 
                       analog=True
    
    
# Printing the values of order & cut-off frequency
# N is the order 
print("Order of the Filter=", N)  
# Wn is the cut-off freq of the filter 
print("Cut-off frequency= {:} rad/s ".format(Wn)) 
    
    
# Conversion in Z-domain 
    
# b is the numerator of the filter & a is 
# the denominator 
b, a = signal.butter(N, Wn, 'bandpass', True
z, p = signal.bilinear(b, a, fs) 
  
# w is the freq in z-domain & h is the magnitude
# in z-domain 
w, h = signal.freqz(z, p, 512)
  
# Magnitude Response
plt.semilogx(w, 20*np.log10(abs(h)))
plt.xscale('log')
plt.title('Butterworth filter frequency response')
plt.xlabel('Frequency [Hz]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude [dB]')
plt.margins(0, 0.1)
plt.grid(which='both', axis='both')
plt.axvline(100, color='green')
plt.show()
  
# Impulse Response
imp = signal.unit_impulse(40)
c, d = signal.butter(N, 0.5)
response = signal.lfilter(c, d, imp)
plt.stem(np.arange(0, 40),imp,markerfmt='D',use_line_collection=True)
plt.stem(np.arange(0,40), response,use_line_collection=True)
plt.margins(0, 0.1)
plt.xlabel('Time [samples]')
plt.ylabel('Amplitude')
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
  
# Frequency Response
fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()
ax1.set_title('Digital filter frequency response')
ax1.set_ylabel('Angle(radians)', color='g')
ax1.set_xlabel('Frequency [Hz]')
angles = np.unwrap(np.angle(h))
ax1.plot(w/2*np.pi, angles, 'g')
ax1.grid()
ax1.axis('tight')
plt.show()




Last Updated : 17 Dec, 2020
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